Let us start here, from square one. No, from Zero!

2022-09-30 22:45:51 +09:00
parent 14215af0d1
commit b7a60638a4
1005 changed files with 303069 additions and 0 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+#include "asiolist.h"
+
+#include <windows.h>
+
+#include "util/logging.h"
+
+#include "iasiodrv.h"
+
+#define ASIODRV_DESC "description"
+#define INPROC_SERVER "InprocServer32"
+#define ASIO_PATH "software\\asio"
+#define COM_CLSID "clsid"
+
+static LONG find_driver_path(char *clsid_str, char *dll_path, size_t dll_path_size) {
+    HKEY hkEnum, hksub, hkpath;
+    char data_buf[512];
+    LONG cr, rc = -1;
+    DWORD data_type, data_size;
+    DWORD index;
+    OFSTRUCT ofs;
+    HFILE hfile;
+    bool found = false;
+
+    CharLowerBuffA(clsid_str, static_cast<DWORD>(strlen(clsid_str)));
+
+    if ((cr = RegOpenKeyA(HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT,COM_CLSID,&hkEnum)) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        index = 0;
+
+        while (cr == ERROR_SUCCESS && !found) {
+            cr = RegEnumKeyA(hkEnum, index++, (LPTSTR)data_buf, 512);
+            if (cr == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+                CharLowerBuffA(data_buf, static_cast<DWORD>(strlen(data_buf)));
+
+                if (!(strcmp(data_buf, clsid_str))) {
+                    if ((cr = RegOpenKeyExA(hkEnum, (LPCTSTR)data_buf, 0, KEY_READ, &hksub)) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+                        if ((cr = RegOpenKeyExA(hksub,(LPCTSTR)INPROC_SERVER,0,KEY_READ,&hkpath)) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+                            data_type = REG_SZ;
+                            data_size = static_cast<DWORD>(dll_path_size);
+                            cr = RegQueryValueExA(hkpath, nullptr, nullptr, &data_type, (LPBYTE)dll_path, &data_size);
+                            if (cr == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+                                memset(&ofs,0,sizeof(OFSTRUCT));
+                                ofs.cBytes = sizeof(OFSTRUCT);
+                                hfile = OpenFile(dll_path, &ofs, OF_EXIST);
+                                if (hfile) {
+                                    rc = 0;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            RegCloseKey(hkpath);
+                        }
+                        RegCloseKey(hksub);
+                    }
+
+                    // break out
+                    found = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        RegCloseKey(hkEnum);
+    }
+
+    return rc;
+}
+
+static bool new_driver_struct(HKEY hkey, char *key_name, size_t id, AsioDriver &driver) {
+    HKEY hksub;
+    char data_buffer[256];
+    char dll_path[MAXPATHLEN];
+    WORD wData[100];
+    CLSID clsid;
+    DWORD data_type, data_size;
+    LONG cr, rc;
+
+    if ((cr = RegOpenKeyExA(hkey, (LPCTSTR)key_name, 0, KEY_READ, &hksub)) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        data_type = REG_SZ;
+        data_size = 256;
+        cr = RegQueryValueExA(hksub, COM_CLSID, nullptr, &data_type, (LPBYTE)data_buffer, &data_size);
+        if (cr == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+            rc = find_driver_path(data_buffer, dll_path, MAXPATHLEN);
+            if (rc == 0) {
+                driver.id = id;
+                strcpy(driver.dll_path, dll_path);
+
+                MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, (LPCSTR)data_buffer, -1, (LPWSTR)wData, 100);
+                if ((cr = CLSIDFromString((LPOLESTR)wData,(LPCLSID)&clsid)) == S_OK) {
+                    memcpy(&driver.clsid, &clsid, sizeof(CLSID));
+                }
+
+                data_type = REG_SZ;
+                data_size = 256;
+                cr = RegQueryValueExA(hksub, ASIODRV_DESC, nullptr, &data_type, (LPBYTE)data_buffer, &data_size);
+                if (cr == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+                    strcpy(driver.name, data_buffer);
+                } else {
+                    strcpy(driver.name, key_name);
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        RegCloseKey(hksub);
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+static void delete_driver_struct(AsioDriver &driver) {
+    IAsio *iasio;
+
+    if (driver.instance) {
+        iasio = reinterpret_cast<IAsio *>(driver.instance);
+        iasio->Release();
+        driver.instance = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+AsioDriverList::AsioDriverList() {
+    HKEY hkEnum = nullptr;
+    char key_name[MAXDRVNAMELEN];
+    LONG cr;
+    DWORD index = 0;
+
+    cr = RegOpenKeyA(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,ASIO_PATH, &hkEnum);
+    while (cr == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        if ((cr = RegEnumKeyA(hkEnum, index++, (LPTSTR) key_name, MAXDRVNAMELEN)) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+            auto id = this->driver_list.size();
+            if (!new_driver_struct(hkEnum, key_name, id, this->driver_list.emplace_back())) {
+                this->driver_list.pop_back();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (hkEnum) {
+        RegCloseKey(hkEnum);
+    }
+
+    this->driver_list.shrink_to_fit();
+
+    if (!this->driver_list.empty()) {
+
+        // initialize COM
+        HRESULT hr = CoInitialize(nullptr);
+        if (FAILED(hr)) {
+            log_warning("asio::driver_list", "CoInitialize failed, hr={}", FMT_HRESULT(hr));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+AsioDriverList::~AsioDriverList() {
+    if (!this->driver_list.empty()) {
+        for (auto &driver : this->driver_list) {
+            delete_driver_struct(driver);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (this->co_initialized) {
+        CoUninitialize();
+    }
+}
+
+LONG AsioDriverList::open_driver(size_t driver_id, void **asio_driver) {
+    long rc;
+
+    if (!asio_driver) {
+        return DRVERR_INVALID_PARAM;
+    }
+
+    if (driver_id < this->driver_list.size()) {
+        auto &driver = this->driver_list[driver_id];
+
+        if (!driver.instance) {
+            rc = CoCreateInstance(driver.clsid, nullptr, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, driver.clsid, asio_driver);
+            if (rc == S_OK) {
+                driver.instance = *asio_driver;
+                return 0;
+            }
+            // else if (rc == REGDB_E_CLASSNOTREG)
+            //  strcpy (info->messageText, "Driver not registered in the Registration Database!");
+        } else {
+            rc = DRVERR_DEVICE_ALREADY_OPEN;
+        }
+    } else {
+        rc = DRVERR_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+
+    return rc;
+}
+
+LONG AsioDriverList::close_driver(size_t driver_id) {
+    IAsio *iasio;
+
+    if (driver_id < this->driver_list.size()) {
+        auto &driver = this->driver_list[driver_id];
+
+        if (driver.instance) {
+            iasio = reinterpret_cast<IAsio *>(driver.instance);
+            iasio->Release();
+            driver.instance = nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <windows.h>
+
+#define DRVERR                     -5000
+#define DRVERR_INVALID_PARAM       DRVERR-1
+#define DRVERR_DEVICE_ALREADY_OPEN DRVERR-2
+#define DRVERR_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND    DRVERR-3
+
+#define MAXPATHLEN 512
+#define MAXDRVNAMELEN 128
+
+struct AsioDriver {
+    size_t id;
+    char name[MAXDRVNAMELEN];
+    char dll_path[MAXPATHLEN];
+    CLSID clsid;
+    void *instance;
+    struct AsioDriver *next;
+};
+
+class AsioDriverList {
+public:
+    AsioDriverList();
+    ~AsioDriverList();
+
+    LONG open_driver(size_t driver_id, void **asio_driver);
+    LONG close_driver(size_t driver_id);
+
+    std::vector<AsioDriver> driver_list;
+
+private:
+    bool co_initialized = false;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#ifndef __asiosys__
+    #define __asiosys__
+
+    #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
+        #undef MAC
+        #define PPC 0
+        #define WINDOWS 1
+        #define SGI 0
+        #define SUN 0
+        #define LINUX 0
+        #define BEOS 0
+
+        #define NATIVE_INT64 0
+        #define IEEE754_64FLOAT 1
+
+    #elif BEOS
+        #define MAC 0
+        #define PPC 0
+        #define WINDOWS 0
+        #define PC 0
+        #define SGI 0
+        #define SUN 0
+        #define LINUX 0
+
+        #define NATIVE_INT64 0
+        #define IEEE754_64FLOAT 1
+
+        #ifndef DEBUG
+            #define DEBUG 0
+            #if DEBUG
+                void DEBUGGERMESSAGE(char *string);
+            #else
+                #define DEBUGGERMESSAGE(a)
+            #endif
+        #endif
+
+    #elif SGI
+        #define MAC 0
+        #define PPC 0
+        #define WINDOWS 0
+        #define PC 0
+        #define SUN 0
+        #define LINUX 0
+        #define BEOS 0
+
+        #define NATIVE_INT64 0
+        #define IEEE754_64FLOAT 1
+
+        #ifndef DEBUG
+            #define DEBUG 0
+            #if DEBUG
+                void DEBUGGERMESSAGE(char *string);
+            #else
+                #define DEBUGGERMESSAGE(a)
+            #endif
+        #endif
+
+    #else   // MAC
+
+        #define MAC 1
+        #define PPC 1
+        #define WINDOWS 0
+        #define PC 0
+        #define SGI 0
+        #define SUN 0
+        #define LINUX 0
+        #define BEOS 0
+
+        #define NATIVE_INT64 0
+        #define IEEE754_64FLOAT 1
+
+        #ifndef DEBUG
+            #define DEBUG 0
+            #if DEBUG
+                void DEBUGGERMESSAGE(char *string);
+            #else
+                #define DEBUGGERMESSAGE(a)
+            #endif
+        #endif
+    #endif
+
+#endif
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Changes in ASIO 2.3.3 since 2.3.2
+- again, updated license text and ASIO logo usage guideline
+
+Changes in ASIO 2.3.2 since 2.3.1
+- updated license text and ASIO logo usage guideline
+
+Changes in ASIO 2.3.1 since ASIO 2.3
+- amendment of the licensing agreement
+- added support for Windows 10
+
+Changes in ASIO 2.3 since ASIO 2.2
+- added host queries to detect the driver's buffering and drop-out detection capabilities
+- some additional documentation on MMCSS; see page 46 of 'ASIO SDK 2.3.pdf'
+- dropped support for Mac OS 8 and 9
+
+Changes in ASIO 2.2 since ASIO 2.1
+- added support for Windows 64 bit
+
+Changes in ASIO 2.1 since ASIO 2.0
+- Sony DSD support added
+- fixed Windows registry sample to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
+- fixed a definition problem for input monitoring
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "asiosys.h"
+#include "asio.h"
+
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <combaseapi.h>
+
+interface IAsio : public IUnknown {
+    virtual AsioBool __thiscall init(void *sys_handle) = 0;
+    virtual void __thiscall get_driver_name(char *name) = 0;
+    virtual long __thiscall get_driver_version() = 0;
+    virtual void __thiscall get_error_message(char *string) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall start() = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall stop() = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall get_channels(long *num_input_channels, long *num_output_channels) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall get_latencies(long *input_latency, long *output_latency) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall get_buffer_size(
+        long *min_size,
+        long *max_size,
+        long *preferred_size,
+        long *granularity) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall can_sample_rate(AsioSampleRate sample_rate) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall get_sample_rate(AsioSampleRate *sample_rate) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall set_sample_rate(AsioSampleRate sample_rate) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall get_clock_sources(ASIOClockSource *clocks, long *num_sources) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall set_clock_source(long reference) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall get_sample_position(ASIOSamples *s_pos, ASIOTimeStamp *t_stamp) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall get_channel_info(AsioChannelInfo *info) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall create_buffers(
+        AsioBufferInfo *buffer_infos,
+        long num_channels,
+        long buffer_size,
+        AsioCallbacks *callbacks) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall dispose_buffers() = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall control_panel() = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall future(long selector, void *opt) = 0;
+    virtual AsioError __thiscall output_ready() = 0;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+/**
+ * MIT-License
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 by Felix
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * Modified version.
+ */
+
+#include "cardio_hid.h"
+#include "util/logging.h"
+#include "util/utils.h"
+
+extern "C" {
+#include <hidclass.h>
+#include <hidusage.h>
+#include <hidpi.h>
+#include <hidsdi.h>
+}
+
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <devguid.h>
+#include <setupapi.h>
+
+
+#define DEFAULT_ALLOCATED_CONTEXTS 2
+#define CARD_READER_USAGE_PAGE 0xffca
+
+// GUID_DEVCLASS_HIDCLASS
+static GUID hidclass_guid = {0x745a17a0, 0x74d3, 0x11d0, {0xb6, 0xfe, 0x00, 0xa0, 0xc9, 0x0f, 0x57, 0xda}};
+
+// globals
+CRITICAL_SECTION CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION;
+struct cardio_hid_device *CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS = NULL;
+size_t CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH = 0;
+
+void hid_ctx_init(cardio_hid_device *ctx) {
+    ctx->dev_path = NULL;
+    ctx->dev_handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+    ctx->initialized = FALSE;
+    ctx->io_pending = FALSE;
+    ctx->read_size = 0;
+    ctx->pp_data = NULL;
+    ctx->collection = NULL;
+    ctx->collection_length = 0;
+
+    memset(&ctx->read_state, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+    memset(&ctx->report_buffer, 0, sizeof(ctx->report_buffer));
+    memset(&ctx->usage_value, 0, sizeof(ctx->usage_value));
+    memset(&ctx->caps, 0, sizeof(HIDP_CAPS));
+}
+
+void hid_ctx_free(struct cardio_hid_device *ctx) {
+    if (ctx->dev_path != NULL) {
+        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, ctx->dev_path);
+        ctx->dev_path = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (ctx->dev_handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        CancelIo(ctx->dev_handle);
+        CloseHandle(ctx->dev_handle);
+        ctx->dev_handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    if (ctx->pp_data != NULL) {
+        HidD_FreePreparsedData(ctx->pp_data);
+        ctx->pp_data = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (ctx->collection != NULL) {
+        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, ctx->collection);
+        ctx->collection = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+void hid_ctx_reset(struct cardio_hid_device *ctx) {
+    ctx->initialized = FALSE;
+    ctx->io_pending = FALSE;
+    ctx->read_size = 0;
+    ctx->collection_length = 0;
+
+    hid_ctx_free(ctx);
+
+    memset(&ctx->read_state, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+    memset(&ctx->report_buffer, 0, sizeof(ctx->report_buffer));
+    memset(&ctx->usage_value, 0, sizeof(ctx->usage_value));
+    memset(&ctx->caps, 0, sizeof(HIDP_CAPS));
+}
+
+BOOL cardio_hid_init() {
+    size_t i, contexts_size;
+
+    InitializeCriticalSectionAndSpinCount(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION, 0x00000400);
+
+    contexts_size = DEFAULT_ALLOCATED_CONTEXTS * sizeof(struct cardio_hid_device);
+    CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS = (struct cardio_hid_device *) HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, contexts_size);
+    if (CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS == NULL) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH = DEFAULT_ALLOCATED_CONTEXTS;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH; i++) {
+        hid_ctx_init(&CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[i]);
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+void cardio_hid_close() {
+    size_t i;
+
+    if (CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH > 0) {
+        for (i = 0; i < CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH; i++) {
+            hid_ctx_free(&CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[i]);
+        }
+
+        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS);
+        CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS = NULL;
+        CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH = 0;
+
+        DeleteCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+    }
+}
+
+BOOL cardio_hid_add_device(LPCWSTR device_path) {
+    BOOL res = FALSE;
+    size_t i;
+
+    EnterCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH; i++) {
+        if (!CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[i].initialized) {
+            res = cardio_hid_scan_device(&CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[i], device_path);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    LeaveCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+BOOL cardio_hid_remove_device(LPCWSTR device_path) {
+    BOOL res = FALSE;
+    size_t i;
+
+    EnterCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH; i++) {
+        // The device paths in `hid_scan` are partially lower-case, so perform a
+        // case-insensitive comparison here
+        if (CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[i].initialized && (_wcsicmp(device_path, CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[i].dev_path) == 0)) {
+            hid_ctx_reset(&CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[i]);
+            res = TRUE;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    LeaveCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Scan HID device to see if it is a HID reader
+ */
+BOOL cardio_hid_scan_device(struct cardio_hid_device *ctx, LPCWSTR device_path) {
+    NTSTATUS res;
+
+    size_t dev_path_size = (wcslen(device_path) + 1) * sizeof(WCHAR);
+    ctx->dev_path = (LPWSTR) HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), 0, dev_path_size);
+    if (ctx->dev_path == NULL) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    memcpy(ctx->dev_path, device_path, dev_path_size);
+    ctx->dev_path[dev_path_size - 1] = '\0';
+    ctx->dev_handle = CreateFileW(
+            ctx->dev_path,
+            GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
+            FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
+            NULL,
+            OPEN_EXISTING,
+            FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
+            NULL);
+    if (ctx->dev_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        log_info("cardio", "could not open device: {}", ws2s(std::wstring(device_path)));
+        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, ctx->dev_path);
+        ctx->dev_path = NULL;
+        ctx->dev_handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (!HidD_GetPreparsedData(ctx->dev_handle, &ctx->pp_data)) {
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    res = HidP_GetCaps(ctx->pp_data, &ctx->caps);
+    if (res != HIDP_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    // 0xffca is the card reader usage page ID
+    if (ctx->caps.UsagePage != CARD_READER_USAGE_PAGE) {
+        goto end;
+    } else if (ctx->caps.NumberInputValueCaps == 0) {
+        goto end;
+    }
+    ctx->collection_length = ctx->caps.NumberInputValueCaps;
+    ctx->collection = (HIDP_VALUE_CAPS *) HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), 0,
+                                                    ctx->collection_length * sizeof(HIDP_VALUE_CAPS));
+    if (ctx->collection == NULL) {
+        goto end;
+    }
+    res = HidP_GetValueCaps(
+            HidP_Input,
+            ctx->collection,
+            &ctx->collection_length,
+            ctx->pp_data);
+    if (res != HIDP_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    log_info("cardio", "detected reader: {}", ws2s(std::wstring(device_path)));
+    ctx->initialized = TRUE;
+    return TRUE;
+
+    end:
+    hid_ctx_reset(ctx);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks all devices registered with the HIDClass GUID. If the usage page of
+ * the device is 0xffca, then a compatible card reader was found.
+ *
+ * Usage 0x41 => ISO_15693
+ * Usage 0x42 => ISO_18092 (FeliCa)
+ */
+BOOL cardio_hid_scan() {
+    BOOL res = TRUE;
+    SP_DEVINFO_DATA devinfo_data;
+    SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DATA device_interface_data;
+    SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA_W *device_interface_detail_data = NULL;
+    HDEVINFO device_info_set;
+    GUID hid_guid;
+    DWORD device_index = 0;
+    DWORD dwSize = 0;
+    size_t hid_devices = 0;
+
+    // get GUID
+    HidD_GetHidGuid(&hid_guid);
+
+    // HID collection opening needs `DIGCF_DEVICEINTERFACE` and ignore
+    // disconnected devices
+    device_info_set = SetupDiGetClassDevs(&hid_guid, NULL, NULL, DIGCF_PRESENT | DIGCF_DEVICEINTERFACE);
+    if (device_info_set == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        res = FALSE;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    memset(&devinfo_data, 0, sizeof(SP_DEVINFO_DATA));
+    devinfo_data.cbSize = sizeof(SP_DEVINFO_DATA);
+    device_interface_data.cbSize = sizeof(SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DATA);
+
+    // `SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces` must come before `SetupDiEnumDeviceInfo`
+    // else `SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces` will fail with error 259
+    while (SetupDiEnumDeviceInterfaces(device_info_set, NULL, &hid_guid, device_index, &device_interface_data)) {
+
+        // Get the required size
+        if (SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetailW(device_info_set, &device_interface_data, NULL, 0, &dwSize, NULL)) {
+            goto cont;
+        }
+
+        device_interface_detail_data = (SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA_W *) HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), 0, dwSize);
+        if (device_interface_detail_data == NULL) {
+            goto cont;
+        }
+
+        device_interface_detail_data->cbSize = sizeof(SP_DEVICE_INTERFACE_DETAIL_DATA_W);
+
+        if (!SetupDiGetDeviceInterfaceDetailW(device_info_set, &device_interface_data, device_interface_detail_data,
+                                              dwSize, NULL, NULL)) {
+            goto cont;
+        }
+
+        if (!SetupDiEnumDeviceInfo(device_info_set, device_index, &devinfo_data)) {
+            goto cont;
+        }
+
+        if (!IsEqualGUID(hidclass_guid, devinfo_data.ClassGuid)) {
+            goto cont;
+        }
+
+        EnterCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+
+        if (hid_devices == CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH) {
+            CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH++;
+
+            CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS = (struct cardio_hid_device *) HeapReAlloc(
+                    GetProcessHeap(),
+                    HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY,
+                    CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS,
+                    CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH * sizeof(struct cardio_hid_device)
+            );
+            if (CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS == NULL) {
+                LeaveCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+                HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, device_interface_detail_data);
+                res = FALSE;
+                goto end;
+            }
+
+            hid_ctx_init(&CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[hid_devices]);
+        }
+
+        if (cardio_hid_scan_device(&CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[hid_devices], device_interface_detail_data->DevicePath)) {
+            hid_devices++;
+        }
+
+        LeaveCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+
+        cont:
+        if (device_interface_detail_data) {
+            HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, device_interface_detail_data);
+            device_interface_detail_data = NULL;
+        }
+
+        device_index++;
+    }
+
+    end:
+    if (device_info_set != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(device_info_set);
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+cardio_hid_poll_value_t cardio_hid_device_poll(struct cardio_hid_device *ctx) {
+    DWORD error = 0;
+
+    if (!ctx->initialized) {
+        return HID_POLL_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (ctx->io_pending) {
+        // Do this if inside to not have more `ReadFile` overlapped I/O requests.
+        // If there are more calls to `ReadFile` than `GetOverlappedResult` then
+        // eventually the working set quota will run out triggering error 1426
+        // (ERROR_WORKING_SET_QUOTA).
+        if (HasOverlappedIoCompleted(&ctx->read_state)) {
+            ctx->io_pending = FALSE;
+
+            if (!GetOverlappedResult(ctx->dev_handle, &ctx->read_state, &ctx->read_size, FALSE)) {
+                return HID_POLL_ERROR;
+            }
+
+            memset(&ctx->read_state, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+
+            return HID_POLL_CARD_READY;
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (!ReadFile(
+                ctx->dev_handle,
+                &ctx->report_buffer,
+                sizeof(ctx->report_buffer),
+                &ctx->read_size,
+                &ctx->read_state)) {
+            error = GetLastError();
+
+            if (error == ERROR_IO_PENDING) {
+                ctx->io_pending = TRUE;
+            } else {
+                return HID_POLL_ERROR;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // The read completed right away
+            return HID_POLL_CARD_READY;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return HID_POLL_CARD_NOT_READY;
+}
+
+cardio_hid_card_type cardio_hid_device_read(struct cardio_hid_device *hid_ctx) {
+
+    // check if not initialized
+    if (!hid_ctx->initialized) {
+        return HID_CARD_NONE;
+    }
+
+    // check if IO is pending
+    if (hid_ctx->io_pending) {
+        return HID_CARD_NONE;
+    }
+
+    // check if nothing was read
+    if (hid_ctx->read_size == 0) {
+        return HID_CARD_NONE;
+    }
+
+    // iterate collections
+    for (int i = 0; i < hid_ctx->collection_length; i++) {
+        HIDP_VALUE_CAPS *item = &hid_ctx->collection[i];
+
+        // get usages
+        NTSTATUS res = HidP_GetUsageValueArray(
+                HidP_Input,
+                CARD_READER_USAGE_PAGE,
+                0, // LinkCollection
+                item->NotRange.Usage,
+                (PCHAR) &hid_ctx->usage_value,
+                sizeof(hid_ctx->usage_value),
+                hid_ctx->pp_data,
+                (PCHAR) &hid_ctx->report_buffer,
+                hid_ctx->read_size);
+
+        // loop through the collection to find the entry that handles this report ID
+        if (res == HIDP_STATUS_INCOMPATIBLE_REPORT_ID) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // check if failed
+        if (res != HIDP_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+            return HID_CARD_NONE;
+        }
+
+        // return card type
+        return (cardio_hid_card_type) item->NotRange.Usage;
+    }
+
+    return HID_CARD_NONE;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/**
+ * MIT-License
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 by Felix
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * Modified version.
+ */
+
+#ifndef SPICETOOLS_CARDIO_HID_H
+#define SPICETOOLS_CARDIO_HID_H
+
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+extern "C" {
+#include <hidsdi.h>
+};
+
+extern CRITICAL_SECTION CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION;
+extern struct cardio_hid_device *CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS;
+extern size_t CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH;
+
+struct cardio_hid_device {
+    LPWSTR dev_path;
+    HANDLE dev_handle;
+    OVERLAPPED read_state;
+    BOOL initialized;
+    BOOL io_pending;
+
+    BYTE report_buffer[128];
+    unsigned char usage_value[128];
+    DWORD read_size;
+
+    PHIDP_PREPARSED_DATA pp_data;
+    HIDP_CAPS caps;
+    PHIDP_VALUE_CAPS collection;
+    USHORT collection_length;
+};
+
+typedef enum cardio_poll_value {
+    HID_POLL_ERROR = 0,
+    HID_POLL_CARD_NOT_READY = 1,
+    HID_POLL_CARD_READY = 2,
+} cardio_hid_poll_value_t;
+
+typedef enum cardio_hid_card_type {
+    HID_CARD_NONE = 0,
+    HID_CARD_ISO_15693 = 0x41,
+    HID_CARD_ISO_18092 = 0x42,
+} cardio_hid_card_type_t;
+
+BOOL cardio_hid_init();
+
+void cardio_hid_close();
+
+BOOL cardio_hid_add_device(LPCWSTR device_path);
+
+BOOL cardio_hid_remove_device(LPCWSTR device_path);
+
+BOOL cardio_hid_scan_device(struct cardio_hid_device *ctx, LPCWSTR device_path);
+
+BOOL cardio_hid_scan();
+
+cardio_hid_poll_value_t cardio_hid_device_poll(struct cardio_hid_device *ctx);
+
+cardio_hid_card_type cardio_hid_device_read(struct cardio_hid_device *ctx);
+
+#endif //SPICETOOLS_CARDIO_HID_H
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#include "cardio_runner.h"
+#include <thread>
+#include <mutex>
+#include "misc/eamuse.h"
+#include "util/logging.h"
+#include "cardio_hid.h"
+#include "cardio_window.h"
+
+bool CARDIO_RUNNER_FLIP = false;
+static bool CARDIO_RUNNER_INITIALIZED = false;
+static std::thread* CARDIO_RUNNER_THREAD = nullptr;
+static HWND CARDIO_RUNNER_HWND = NULL;
+
+void cardio_runner_start(bool scan_hid) {
+
+    // initialize
+    if (!CARDIO_RUNNER_INITIALIZED) {
+        CARDIO_RUNNER_INITIALIZED = true;
+        log_info("cardio", "Initializing CARDIO");
+
+        // initialize
+        if (!cardio_window_init()) {
+            log_warning("cardio", "Couldn't init CARDIO window");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!cardio_hid_init()) {
+            log_warning("cardio", "Couldn't init CARDIO HID");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // scan HID devices
+        if (scan_hid) {
+            if (!cardio_hid_scan()) {
+                log_warning("cardio", "Couldn't scan for CARDIO devices");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // create thread
+    if (CARDIO_RUNNER_THREAD == nullptr) {
+        CARDIO_RUNNER_THREAD = new std::thread([] {
+
+            // create window
+            if (CARDIO_RUNNER_HWND == NULL) {
+                if ((CARDIO_RUNNER_HWND = cardio_window_create(GetModuleHandle(NULL))) == NULL) {
+                    log_warning("cardio", "Couldn't create CARDIO window");
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // main loop
+            while (CARDIO_RUNNER_HWND != NULL) {
+
+                // update window
+                cardio_window_update(CARDIO_RUNNER_HWND);
+
+                // update HID devices
+                EnterCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+                for (size_t device_no = 0; device_no < CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS_LENGTH; device_no++) {
+                    auto device = &CARDIO_HID_CONTEXTS[device_no];
+
+                    // get status
+                    auto status = cardio_hid_device_poll(device);
+                    if (status == HID_POLL_CARD_READY) {
+
+                        // read card
+                        if (cardio_hid_device_read(device) == HID_CARD_NONE)
+                            continue;
+
+                        // if card not empty
+                        if (*((uint64_t*) &device->usage_value[0]) > 0) {
+
+                            // insert card
+                            if (CARDIO_RUNNER_FLIP)
+                                eamuse_card_insert((int) (device_no + 1) & 1, &device->usage_value[0]);
+                            else
+                                eamuse_card_insert((int) device_no & 1, &device->usage_value[0]);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                LeaveCriticalSection(&CARDIO_HID_CRIT_SECTION);
+
+                // slow down
+                Sleep(15);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+void cardio_runner_stop() {
+
+    // destroy window
+    cardio_window_close(CARDIO_RUNNER_HWND);
+    CARDIO_RUNNER_HWND = NULL;
+    cardio_window_shutdown();
+
+    // destroy thread
+    delete CARDIO_RUNNER_THREAD;
+    CARDIO_RUNNER_THREAD = nullptr;
+
+    // shutdown HID
+    cardio_hid_close();
+
+    // set initialized to false
+    CARDIO_RUNNER_INITIALIZED = false;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef SPICETOOLS_CARDIO_RUNNER_H
+#define SPICETOOLS_CARDIO_RUNNER_H
+
+extern bool CARDIO_RUNNER_FLIP;
+
+void cardio_runner_start(bool scan_hid);
+void cardio_runner_stop();
+
+#endif //SPICETOOLS_CARDIO_RUNNER_H
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+/**
+ * MIT-License
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 by Felix
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * Modified version.
+ */
+
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <strsafe.h>
+#include <dbt.h>
+
+extern "C" {
+#include <hidsdi.h>
+}
+
+#include "cardio_hid.h"
+#include "cardio_window.h"
+#include "util/logging.h"
+#include "util/utils.h"
+
+static BOOL CARDIO_WINDOW_UPDATE = TRUE;
+
+static BOOL cardio_window_register_guid(HWND hWnd, HDEVNOTIFY *hDeviceNotify) {
+    DEV_BROADCAST_DEVICEINTERFACE notification_filter;
+
+    memset(&notification_filter, 0, sizeof(DEV_BROADCAST_DEVICEINTERFACE));
+    notification_filter.dbcc_size = sizeof(DEV_BROADCAST_DEVICEINTERFACE);
+    notification_filter.dbcc_devicetype = DBT_DEVTYP_DEVICEINTERFACE;
+
+    HidD_GetHidGuid(&notification_filter.dbcc_classguid);
+
+    *hDeviceNotify = RegisterDeviceNotificationW(hWnd, &notification_filter, DEVICE_NOTIFY_WINDOW_HANDLE);
+    if (*hDeviceNotify == NULL) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+static INT_PTR WINAPI cardio_window_winproc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
+    static HDEVNOTIFY hDeviceNotify;
+
+    LRESULT lRet = 1;
+
+    switch (message) {
+        case WM_CREATE:
+            if (!cardio_window_register_guid(hWnd, &hDeviceNotify)) {
+                lRet = 0;
+                return lRet;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case WM_CLOSE:
+            UnregisterDeviceNotification(hDeviceNotify);
+            DestroyWindow(hWnd);
+            break;
+
+        case WM_DESTROY:
+            PostQuitMessage(0);
+            break;
+
+        case WM_DEVICECHANGE: {
+            if (lParam && (wParam == DBT_DEVICEARRIVAL || wParam == DBT_DEVICEREMOVECOMPLETE)) {
+                PDEV_BROADCAST_HDR pHdr = (PDEV_BROADCAST_HDR) lParam;
+                switch (pHdr->dbch_devicetype) {
+                    case DBT_DEVTYP_DEVICEINTERFACE: {
+                        PDEV_BROADCAST_DEVICEINTERFACE pDevInf = (PDEV_BROADCAST_DEVICEINTERFACE) pHdr;
+                        std::string dbcc_name = std::string(pDevInf->dbcc_name);
+                        std::wstring dbcc_name_w = s2ws(dbcc_name);
+                        if (wParam == DBT_DEVICEARRIVAL && cardio_hid_add_device(dbcc_name_w.c_str())) {
+                            log_info("cardio", "detected reader: {}", dbcc_name);
+                        } else {
+                            cardio_hid_remove_device(dbcc_name_w.c_str());
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    default:
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+            lRet = DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return lRet;
+}
+
+BOOL cardio_window_init() {
+    WNDCLASSEX wnd_class;
+    wnd_class.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
+    wnd_class.style = CS_OWNDC;
+    wnd_class.hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
+    wnd_class.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC) cardio_window_winproc;
+    wnd_class.cbClsExtra = 0;
+    wnd_class.cbWndExtra = 0;
+    wnd_class.hIcon = NULL;
+    wnd_class.hbrBackground = NULL;
+    wnd_class.hCursor = NULL;
+    wnd_class.lpszClassName = WND_CLASS_NAME;
+    wnd_class.lpszMenuName = NULL;
+    wnd_class.hIconSm = NULL;
+
+    if (!RegisterClassEx(&wnd_class))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+BOOL cardio_window_shutdown() {
+    if (!UnregisterClass(WND_CLASS_NAME, GetModuleHandle(NULL)))
+        return FALSE;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+HWND cardio_window_create(HINSTANCE hInstance) {
+    HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx(
+            0,
+            WND_CLASS_NAME,
+            TEXT("cardio"),
+            WS_DISABLED,
+            0, 0,
+            CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
+            NULL,
+            NULL,
+            hInstance,
+            NULL);
+    return hWnd;
+}
+
+BOOL cardio_window_update(HWND hWnd) {
+    MSG msg;
+    int ret_val;
+
+    while (CARDIO_WINDOW_UPDATE && ((ret_val = PeekMessage(&msg, hWnd, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) != 0)) {
+        if (ret_val == -1) {
+            return FALSE;
+        } else {
+            TranslateMessage(&msg);
+            DispatchMessage(&msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+BOOL cardio_window_close(HWND hWnd) {
+    CARDIO_WINDOW_UPDATE = FALSE;
+    return PostMessage(hWnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/**
+ * MIT-License
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 by Felix
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * Modified version.
+ */
+
+#ifndef SPICETOOLS_CARDIO_WINDOW_H
+#define SPICETOOLS_CARDIO_WINDOW_H
+
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#define WND_CLASS_NAME TEXT("CARDIO Notification Window")
+
+BOOL cardio_window_init();
+BOOL cardio_window_shutdown();
+HWND cardio_window_create(HINSTANCE hInstance);
+BOOL cardio_window_update(HWND hWnd);
+BOOL cardio_window_close(HWND hWnd);
+
+#endif //SPICETOOLS_CARDIO_WINDOW_H
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+cv2pdb.exe
+dbghelp.dll
+msobj140.dll
+mspdb140.dll
+mspdbcmf.exe
+mspdbcore.dll
+mspdbsrv.exe
+mspdbst.dll
+vcruntime140.dll
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# cv2pdb
+
+This exists to convert the DWARF debug information to PDB and helps us
+to get more precise stackstraces on program crashes.
+
+Sadly this program is for windows only, but we can get it running using
+WINE. You'll not only need wine and cv2pdb, but also Microsoft's PDB
+helper libraries and dependencies.
+Because of licensing issues I can't supply the needed files for you
+here. What files work for me:
+
+- cv2pdb.exe
+- dbghelp.dll
+- msobj140.dll
+- mspdb140.dll
+- mspdbcmf.exe
+- mspdbcore.dll
+- mspdbsrv.exe
+- mspdbst.dll
+- vcruntime140.dll
+
+I found those libraries in my Visual Studio 2017 install:
+
+    ..\2017\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.11.25503\bin\Hostx86\x86
+
+You can find cv2pdb binaries here:
+
+    https://github.com/rainers/cv2pdb/releases
+
+Apparently cv2pdb also supports older versions of mspdb:
+
+- mspdb80
+- mspdb100
+- mspdb110
+- mspdb120
+- mspdb140
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+---
+AccessModifierOffset: -4
+AlignAfterOpenBracket: true
+AlignConsecutiveAssignments: false
+AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: false
+AlignEscapedNewlines: Left
+AlignOperands: false
+AlignTrailingComments: true
+AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: InlineOnly
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false
+AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
+AlwaysBreakBeforeMultilineStrings: false
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: true
+BinPackArguments: false
+BinPackParameters: false
+BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: None
+BreakBeforeBraces: Stroustrup
+BreakBeforeInheritanceComma: true
+BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
+BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeComma
+BreakStringLiterals: true
+ColumnLimit: 100
+CommentPragmas: ''
+CompactNamespaces: false
+ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: false
+ConstructorInitializerIndentWidth: 2
+ContinuationIndentWidth: 2
+Cpp11BracedListStyle: true
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
+DisableFormat: false
+FixNamespaceComments: true
+ForEachMacros: []
+IndentCaseLabels: false
+IncludeCategories:
+  - Regex: '^("|<)stdafx\.h(pp)?("|>)'
+    Priority: -1
+  - Regex: '^<(W|w)indows.h>'
+    Priority: 1
+  - Regex: '^<'
+    Priority: 2
+  - Regex: '.*'
+    Priority: 3
+IncludeIsMainRegex: '(_test|_win|_linux|_mac|_ios|_osx|_null)?$'
+IndentCaseLabels: false
+IndentWidth: 4
+IndentWrappedFunctionNames: false
+KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: false
+MacroBlockBegin: ''
+MacroBlockEnd: ''
+MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1
+NamespaceIndentation: None
+PenaltyBreakAssignment: 0
+PenaltyBreakBeforeFirstCallParameter: 1
+PenaltyBreakComment: 300
+PenaltyBreakFirstLessLess: 120
+PenaltyBreakString: 1000
+PenaltyExcessCharacter: 1000000
+PenaltyReturnTypeOnItsOwnLine: 9999999
+PointerAlignment: Left
+ReflowComments: true
+SortIncludes: false
+SortUsingDeclarations: true
+SpaceAfterCStyleCast: false
+SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: true
+SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: true
+SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
+SpaceInEmptyParentheses: false
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 1
+SpacesInAngles: false
+SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
+SpacesInContainerLiterals: true
+SpacesInParentheses: false
+SpacesInSquareBrackets: false
+Standard: Cpp11
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never
+---
+Language: Cpp
+---
+Language: ObjC
+ObjCBlockIndentWidth: 4
+ObjCSpaceAfterProperty: true
+ObjCSpaceBeforeProtocolList: false
+---
+Language: Java
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+BreakAfterJavaFieldAnnotations: true
+...
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/build*/
+/.vscode/
+/thirdparty/
+.vs/
+.DS_Store
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+language: cpp
+
+env:
+  global:
+    - CLANG_FORMAT_SUFFIX="-dummy" # don't use formatting on Travis, this is
+                                   # needed not to use default 3.5 version
+                                   # which is too old.
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - os: linux
+      env: MATRIX_EVAL="CC=gcc-5 && CXX=g++-5"
+      addons:
+        apt:
+          sources:
+            - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+          packages:
+            - g++-5
+    - os: linux
+      env: MATRIX_EVAL="CC=clang-4.0 && CXX=clang++-4.0"
+      addons:
+        apt:
+          sources:
+            - llvm-toolchain-trusty-4.0
+          packages:
+            - clang-4.0
+    - os: linux
+      env: MATRIX_EVAL="CC=clang-5.0 && CXX=clang++-5.0"
+      addons:
+        apt:
+          sources:
+            - llvm-toolchain-trusty-5.0
+          packages:
+            - clang-5.0
+    - os: osx
+      osx_image: xcode9
+
+# prevent Travis from overwriting our CXX variables
+before_install:
+    - eval "${MATRIX_EVAL}"
+    - echo $CXX
+
+script:
+    - mkdir build
+    - cd build
+    - cmake -DCLANG_FORMAT_SUFFIX=$CLANG_FORMAT_SUFFIX -DWARNINGS_AS_ERRORS=On --config Release ..
+    - cmake --build . -- -j2
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 3.2.0)
+project (DiscordRPC)
+
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+
+option(BUILD_EXAMPLES "Build example apps" ON)
+
+# format
+file(GLOB_RECURSE ALL_SOURCE_FILES
+    examples/*.cpp examples/*.h examples/*.c
+    include/*.h
+    src/*.cpp src/*.h src/*.c
+)
+
+# Set CLANG_FORMAT_SUFFIX if you are using custom clang-format, e.g. clang-format-5.0
+find_program(CLANG_FORMAT_CMD clang-format${CLANG_FORMAT_SUFFIX})
+
+if (CLANG_FORMAT_CMD)
+    add_custom_target(
+        clangformat
+        COMMAND ${CLANG_FORMAT_CMD}
+        -i -style=file -fallback-style=none
+        ${ALL_SOURCE_FILES}
+        DEPENDS
+        ${ALL_SOURCE_FILES}
+    )
+endif(CLANG_FORMAT_CMD)
+
+# add subdirs
+add_subdirectory(src)
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Copyright 2017 Discord, Inc.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# Discord RPC
+
+> This library has been deprecated in favor of Discord's GameSDK. [Learn more here](https://discordapp.com/developers/docs/game-sdk/sdk-starter-guide)
+
+This is a library for interfacing your game with a locally running Discord desktop client. It's known to work on Windows, macOS, and Linux. You can use the lib directly if you like, or use it as a guide to writing your own if it doesn't suit your game as is. PRs/feedback welcome if you have an improvement everyone might want, or can describe how this doesn't meet your needs.
+
+Included here are some quick demos that implement the very minimal subset to show current status, and
+have callbacks for where a more complete game would do more things (joining, spectating, etc).
+
+## Documentation
+
+The most up to date documentation for Rich Presence can always be found on our [developer site](https://discordapp.com/developers/docs/rich-presence/how-to)! If you're interested in rolling your own native implementation of Rich Presence via IPC sockets instead of using our SDK—hey, you've got free time, right?—check out the ["Hard Mode" documentation](https://github.com/discordapp/discord-rpc/blob/master/documentation/hard-mode.md).
+
+## Basic Usage
+
+Zeroith, you should be set up to build things because you are a game developer, right?
+
+First, head on over to the [Discord developers site](https://discordapp.com/developers/applications/me) and make yourself an app. Keep track of `Client ID` -- you'll need it here to pass to the init function.
+
+### Unreal Engine 4 Setup
+
+To use the Rich Presense plugin with Unreal Engine Projects:
+
+1.  Download the latest [release](https://github.com/discordapp/discord-rpc/releases) for each operating system you are targeting and the zipped source code
+2.  In the source code zip, copy the UE plugin—`examples/unrealstatus/Plugins/discordrpc`—to your project's plugin directory
+3.  At `[YOUR_UE_PROJECT]/Plugins/discordrpc/source/ThirdParty/DiscordRpcLibrary/`, create an `Include` folder and copy `discord_rpc.h` and `discord_register.h` to it from the zip
+4.  Follow the steps below for each OS
+5.  Build your UE4 project
+6.  Launch the editor, and enable the Discord plugin.
+
+#### Windows
+
+- At `[YOUR_UE_PROJECT]/Plugins/discordrpc/source/ThirdParty/DiscordRpcLibrary/`, create a `Win64` folder
+- Copy `lib/discord-rpc.lib` and `bin/discord-rpc.dll` from `[RELEASE_ZIP]/win64-dynamic` to the `Win64` folder
+
+#### Mac
+
+- At `[YOUR_UE_PROJECT]/Plugins/discordrpc/source/ThirdParty/DiscordRpcLibrary/`, create a `Mac` folder
+- Copy `libdiscord-rpc.dylib` from `[RELEASE_ZIP]/osx-dynamic/lib` to the `Mac` folder
+
+#### Linux
+
+- At `[YOUR_UE_PROJECT]/Plugins/discordrpc/source/ThirdParty/DiscordRpcLibrary/`, create a `Linux` folder
+- Inside, create another folder `x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu`
+- Copy `libdiscord-rpc.so` from `[RELEASE_ZIP]/linux-dynamic/lib` to `Linux/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu`
+
+### Unity Setup
+
+If you're a Unity developer looking to integrate Rich Presence into your game, follow this simple guide to get started towards success:
+
+1. Download the DLLs for any platform that you need from [our releases](https://github.com/discordapp/discord-rpc/releases)
+2. In your Unity project, create a `Plugins` folder inside your `Assets` folder if you don't already have one
+3. Copy the file `DiscordRpc.cs` from [here](https://github.com/discordapp/discord-rpc/blob/master/examples/button-clicker/Assets/DiscordRpc.cs) into your `Assets` folder. This is basically your header file for the SDK
+
+We've got our `Plugins` folder ready, so let's get platform-specific!
+
+#### Windows
+
+4. Create `x86` and `x86_64` folders inside `Assets/Plugins/`
+5. Copy `discord-rpc-win/win64-dynamic/bin/discord-rpc.dll` to `Assets/Plugins/x86_64/`
+6. Copy `discord-rpc-win/win32-dynamic/bin/discord-rpc.dll` to `Assets/Plugins/x86/`
+7. Click on both DLLs and make sure they are targetting the correct architectures in the Unity editor properties pane
+8. Done!
+
+#### MacOS
+
+4. Copy `discord-rpc-osx/osx-dynamic/lib/libdiscord-rpc.dylib` to `Assets/Plugins/`
+5. Rename `libdiscord-rpc.dylib` to `discord-rpc.bundle`
+6. Done!
+
+#### Linux
+
+4. Copy `discord-rpc-linux/linux-dynamic-lib/libdiscord-rpc.so` to `Assets/Plugins/`
+5. Done!
+
+You're ready to roll! For code examples on how to interact with the SDK using the `DiscordRpc.cs` header file, check out [our example](https://github.com/discordapp/discord-rpc/blob/master/examples/button-clicker/Assets/DiscordController.cs)
+
+### From package
+
+Download a release package for your platform(s) -- they have subdirs with various prebuilt options, select the one you need add `/include` to your compile includes, `/lib` to your linker paths, and link with `discord-rpc`. For the dynamically linked builds, you'll need to ship the associated file along with your game.
+
+### From repo
+
+First-eth, you'll want `CMake`. There's a few different ways to install it on your system, and you should refer to [their website](https://cmake.org/install/). Many package managers provide ways of installing CMake as well.
+
+To make sure it's installed correctly, type `cmake --version` into your flavor of terminal/cmd. If you get a response with a version number, you're good to go!
+
+There's a [CMake](https://cmake.org/download/) file that should be able to generate the lib for you; Sometimes I use it like this:
+
+```sh
+    cd <path to discord-rpc>
+    mkdir build
+    cd build
+    cmake .. -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=<path to install discord-rpc to>
+    cmake --build . --config Release --target install
+```
+
+There is a wrapper build script `build.py` that runs `cmake` with a few different options.
+
+Usually, I run `build.py` to get things started, then use the generated project files as I work on things. It does depend on `click` library, so do a quick `pip install click` to make sure you have it if you want to run `build.py`.
+
+There are some CMake options you might care about:
+
+| flag                                                                                     | default | does                                                                                                                                                  |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `ENABLE_IO_THREAD`                                                                       | `ON`    | When enabled, we start up a thread to do io processing, if disabled you should call `Discord_UpdateConnection` yourself.                              |
+| `USE_STATIC_CRT`                                                                         | `OFF`   | (Windows) Enable to statically link the CRT, avoiding requiring users install the redistributable package. (The prebuilt binaries enable this option) |
+| [`BUILD_SHARED_LIBS`](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.7/variable/BUILD_SHARED_LIBS.html) | `OFF`   | Build library as a DLL                                                                                                                                |
+| `WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS`                                                                     | `OFF`   | When enabled, compiles with `-Werror` (on \*nix platforms).                                                                                           |
+
+## Continuous Builds
+
+Why do we have three of these? Three times the fun!
+
+| CI                   | badge                                                                                                                                            |
+| -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| TravisCI             | [![Build status](https://travis-ci.org/discordapp/discord-rpc.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/discordapp/discord-rpc)                  |
+| AppVeyor             | [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/qvkoc0w1c4f4b8tj?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/crmarsh/discord-rpc)    |
+| Buildkite (internal) | [![Build status](https://badge.buildkite.com/e103d79d247f6776605a15246352a04b8fd83d69211b836111.svg)](https://buildkite.com/discord/discord-rpc) |
+
+## Sample: send-presence
+
+This is a text adventure "game" that inits/deinits the connection to Discord, and sends a presence update on each command.
+
+## Sample: button-clicker
+
+This is a sample [Unity](https://unity3d.com/) project that wraps a DLL version of the library, and sends presence updates when you click on a button. Run `python build.py unity` in the root directory to build the correct library files and place them in their respective folders.
+
+## Sample: unrealstatus
+
+This is a sample [Unreal](https://www.unrealengine.com) project that wraps the DLL version of the library with an Unreal plugin, exposes a blueprint class for interacting with it, and uses that to make a very simple UI. Run `python build.py unreal` in the root directory to build the correct library files and place them in their respective folders.
+
+## Wrappers and Implementations
+
+Below is a table of unofficial, community-developed wrappers for and implementations of Rich Presence in various languages. If you would like to have yours added, please make a pull request adding your repository to the table. The repository should include:
+
+- The code
+- A brief ReadMe of how to use it
+- A working example
+
+###### Rich Presence Wrappers and Implementations
+
+| Name                                                                      | Language                          |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
+| [Discord RPC C#](https://github.com/Lachee/discord-rpc-csharp)            | C#                                |
+| [Discord RPC D](https://github.com/voidblaster/discord-rpc-d)             | [D](https://dlang.org/)           |
+| [discord-rpc.jar](https://github.com/Vatuu/discord-rpc 'Discord-RPC.jar') | Java                              |
+| [java-discord-rpc](https://github.com/MinnDevelopment/java-discord-rpc)   | Java                              |
+| [Discord-IPC](https://github.com/jagrosh/DiscordIPC)                      | Java                              |
+| [Discord Rich Presence](https://npmjs.org/discord-rich-presence)          | JavaScript                        |
+| [drpc4k](https://github.com/Bluexin/drpc4k)                               | [Kotlin](https://kotlinlang.org/) |
+| [lua-discordRPC](https://github.com/pfirsich/lua-discordRPC)              | LuaJIT (FFI)                      |
+| [pypresence](https://github.com/qwertyquerty/pypresence)                  | [Python](https://python.org/)     |
+| [SwordRPC](https://github.com/Azoy/SwordRPC)                              | [Swift](https://swift.org)        |
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+version: '{build}'
+install:
+  - python -m pip install click
+
+build_script:
+  - mkdir examples\unrealstatus\Plugins\discordrpc\Binaries\ThirdParty\discordrpcLibrary\Win64
+  - python build.py
+
+artifacts:
+- path: builds\install\win32-dynamic
+  name: win32-dynamic
+- path: builds\install\win32-static
+  name: win32-static
+- path: builds\install\win64-dynamic
+  name: win64-dynamic
+- path: builds\install\win64-static
+  name: win64-static
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import shutil
+import zipfile
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import click
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    """ a name for the platform """
+    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        return 'win'
+    elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        return 'osx'
+    elif sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+        return 'linux'
+    raise Exception('Unsupported platform ' + sys.platform)
+
+
+SCRIPT_PATH = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+# we use Buildkite which sets this env variable by default
+IS_BUILD_MACHINE = os.environ.get('CI', '') == 'true'
+PLATFORM = get_platform()
+INSTALL_ROOT = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'install')
+
+
+def get_signtool():
+    """ get path to code signing tool """
+    if PLATFORM == 'win':
+        sdk_dir = 'c:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\10'  # os.environ['WindowsSdkDir']
+        return os.path.join(sdk_dir, 'bin', 'x86', 'signtool.exe')
+    elif PLATFORM == 'osx':
+        return '/usr/bin/codesign'
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def cd(new_dir):
+    """ Temporarily change current directory """
+    if new_dir:
+        old_dir = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(new_dir)
+    yield
+    if new_dir:
+        os.chdir(old_dir)
+
+
+def mkdir_p(path):
+    """ mkdir -p """
+    if not os.path.isdir(path):
+        click.secho('Making ' + path, fg='yellow')
+        os.makedirs(path)
+
+
+@click.group(invoke_without_command=True)
+@click.pass_context
+@click.option('--clean', is_flag=True)
+def cli(ctx, clean):
+    """ click wrapper for command line stuff """
+    if ctx.invoked_subcommand is None:
+        ctx.invoke(libs, clean=clean)
+        if IS_BUILD_MACHINE:
+            ctx.invoke(sign)
+        ctx.invoke(archive)
+
+
+@cli.command()
+@click.pass_context
+def unity(ctx):
+    """ build just dynamic libs for use in unity project """
+    ctx.invoke(libs, clean=False, static=False, shared=True, skip_formatter=True, just_release=True)
+    BUILDS = []
+
+    click.echo('--- Copying libs and header into unity example')
+    UNITY_PROJECT_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'examples', 'button-clicker', 'Assets', 'Plugins')
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        LIBRARY_NAME = 'discord-rpc.dll'
+        BUILD_64_BASE_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'win64-dynamic', 'src', 'Release')
+        UNITY_64_DLL_PATH = os.path.join(UNITY_PROJECT_PATH, 'x86_64')
+        BUILDS.append({BUILD_64_BASE_PATH: UNITY_64_DLL_PATH})
+
+        BUILD_32_BASE_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'win32-dynamic', 'src', 'Release')
+        UNITY_32_DLL_PATH = os.path.join(UNITY_PROJECT_PATH, 'x86')
+        BUILDS.append({BUILD_32_BASE_PATH: UNITY_32_DLL_PATH})
+
+    elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        LIBRARY_NAME = 'discord-rpc.bundle'
+        BUILD_BASE_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'osx-dynamic', 'src')
+        UNITY_DLL_PATH = UNITY_PROJECT_PATH
+        os.rename(
+            os.path.join(BUILD_BASE_PATH, 'libdiscord-rpc.dylib'), os.path.join(BUILD_BASE_PATH, 'discord-rpc.bundle'))
+
+        BUILDS.append({BUILD_BASE_PATH: UNITY_DLL_PATH})
+
+    elif sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+        LIBRARY_NAME = 'discord-rpc.so'
+        BUILD_BASE_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'linux-dynamic', 'src')
+        UNITY_DLL_PATH = os.path.join(UNITY_PROJECT_PATH, 'x86')
+        os.rename(os.path.join(BUILD_BASE_PATH, 'libdiscord-rpc.so'), os.path.join(BUILD_BASE_PATH, 'discord-rpc.so'))
+
+        BUILDS.append({BUILD_BASE_PATH: UNITY_DLL_PATH})
+
+    else:
+        raise Exception('Unsupported platform ' + sys.platform)
+
+    for build in BUILDS:
+        for i in build:
+            mkdir_p(build[i])
+            shutil.copy(os.path.join(i, LIBRARY_NAME), build[i])
+
+
+@cli.command()
+@click.pass_context
+def unreal(ctx):
+    """ build libs and copy them into the unreal project """
+    ctx.invoke(libs, clean=False, static=False, shared=True, skip_formatter=True, just_release=True)
+    BUILDS = []
+
+    click.echo('--- Copying libs and header into unreal example')
+    UNREAL_PROJECT_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'examples', 'unrealstatus', 'Plugins', 'discordrpc')
+    UNREAL_INCLUDE_PATH = os.path.join(UNREAL_PROJECT_PATH, 'Source', 'ThirdParty', 'DiscordRpcLibrary', 'Include')
+    mkdir_p(UNREAL_INCLUDE_PATH)
+    shutil.copy(os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'include', 'discord_rpc.h'), UNREAL_INCLUDE_PATH)
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        LIBRARY_NAME = 'discord-rpc.lib'
+        BUILD_64_BASE_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'win64-dynamic', 'src', 'Release')
+        UNREAL_64_DLL_PATH = os.path.join(UNREAL_PROJECT_PATH, 'Source', 'ThirdParty', 'DiscordRpcLibrary', 'Win64')
+        BUILDS.append({BUILD_64_BASE_PATH: UNREAL_64_DLL_PATH})
+
+        BUILD_32_BASE_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'win32-dynamic', 'src', 'Release')
+        UNREAL_32_DLL_PATH = os.path.join(UNREAL_PROJECT_PATH, 'Source', 'ThirdParty', 'DiscordRpcLibrary', 'Win32')
+        BUILDS.append({BUILD_32_BASE_PATH: UNREAL_32_DLL_PATH})
+
+    elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        LIBRARY_NAME = 'libdiscord-rpc.dylib'
+        BUILD_BASE_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'osx-dynamic', 'src')
+        UNREAL_DLL_PATH = os.path.join(UNREAL_PROJECT_PATH, 'Source', 'ThirdParty', 'DiscordRpcLibrary', 'Mac')
+
+        BUILDS.append({BUILD_BASE_PATH: UNREAL_DLL_PATH})
+
+    elif sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+        LIBRARY_NAME = 'libdiscord-rpc.so'
+        BUILD_BASE_PATH = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'linux-dynamic', 'src')
+        UNREAL_DLL_PATH = os.path.join(UNREAL_PROJECT_PATH, 'Source', 'ThirdParty', 'DiscordRpcLibrary', 'Linux')
+
+        BUILDS.append({BUILD_BASE_PATH: UNREAL_DLL_PATH})
+
+    else:
+        raise Exception('Unsupported platform ' + sys.platform)
+
+    for build in BUILDS:
+        for i in build:
+            mkdir_p(build[i])
+            shutil.copy(os.path.join(i, LIBRARY_NAME), build[i])
+
+
+def build_lib(build_name, generator, options, just_release):
+    """ Create a dir under builds, run build and install in it """
+    build_path = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', build_name)
+    install_path = os.path.join(INSTALL_ROOT, build_name)
+    mkdir_p(build_path)
+    mkdir_p(install_path)
+    with cd(build_path):
+        initial_cmake = ['cmake', SCRIPT_PATH, '-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=%s' % os.path.join('..', 'install', build_name)]
+        if generator:
+            initial_cmake.extend(['-G', generator])
+        for key in options:
+            val = options[key]
+            if type(val) is bool:
+                val = 'ON' if val else 'OFF'
+            initial_cmake.append('-D%s=%s' % (key, val))
+        click.echo('--- Building ' + build_name)
+        subprocess.check_call(initial_cmake)
+        if not just_release:
+            subprocess.check_call(['cmake', '--build', '.', '--config', 'Debug'])
+        subprocess.check_call(['cmake', '--build', '.', '--config', 'Release', '--target', 'install'])
+
+
+@cli.command()
+def archive():
+    """ create zip of install dir """
+    click.echo('--- Archiving')
+    archive_file_path = os.path.join(SCRIPT_PATH, 'builds', 'discord-rpc-%s.zip' % get_platform())
+    archive_file = zipfile.ZipFile(archive_file_path, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
+    archive_src_base_path = INSTALL_ROOT
+    archive_dst_base_path = 'discord-rpc'
+    with cd(archive_src_base_path):
+        for path, _, filenames in os.walk('.'):
+            for fname in filenames:
+                fpath = os.path.join(path, fname)
+                dst_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(archive_dst_base_path, fpath))
+                click.echo('Adding ' + dst_path)
+                archive_file.write(fpath, dst_path)
+
+
+@cli.command()
+def sign():
+    """ Do code signing within install directory using our cert """
+    tool = get_signtool()
+    signable_extensions = set()
+    if PLATFORM == 'win':
+        signable_extensions.add('.dll')
+        sign_command_base = [
+            tool,
+            'sign',
+            '/n',
+            'Discord Inc.',
+            '/a',
+            '/tr',
+            'http://timestamp.digicert.com/rfc3161',
+            '/as',
+            '/td',
+            'sha256',
+            '/fd',
+            'sha256',
+        ]
+    elif PLATFORM == 'osx':
+        signable_extensions.add('.dylib')
+        sign_command_base = [
+            tool,
+            '--keychain',
+            os.path.expanduser('~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain'),
+            '-vvvv',
+            '--deep',
+            '--force',
+            '--sign',
+            'Developer ID Application: Hammer & Chisel Inc. (53Q6R32WPB)',
+        ]
+    else:
+        click.secho('Not signing things on this platform yet', fg='red')
+        return
+
+    click.echo('--- Signing')
+    for path, _, filenames in os.walk(INSTALL_ROOT):
+        for fname in filenames:
+            ext = os.path.splitext(fname)[1]
+            if ext not in signable_extensions:
+                continue
+            fpath = os.path.join(path, fname)
+            click.echo('Sign ' + fpath)
+            sign_command = sign_command_base + [fpath]
+            subprocess.check_call(sign_command)
+
+
+@cli.command()
+@click.option('--clean', is_flag=True)
+@click.option('--static', is_flag=True)
+@click.option('--shared', is_flag=True)
+@click.option('--skip_formatter', is_flag=True)
+@click.option('--just_release', is_flag=True)
+def libs(clean, static, shared, skip_formatter, just_release):
+    """ Do all the builds for this platform """
+    if clean:
+        shutil.rmtree('builds', ignore_errors=True)
+
+    mkdir_p('builds')
+
+    if not (static or shared):
+        static = True
+        shared = True
+
+    static_options = {}
+    dynamic_options = {
+        'BUILD_SHARED_LIBS': True,
+        'USE_STATIC_CRT': True,
+    }
+
+    if skip_formatter or IS_BUILD_MACHINE:
+        static_options['CLANG_FORMAT_SUFFIX'] = 'none'
+        dynamic_options['CLANG_FORMAT_SUFFIX'] = 'none'
+
+    if IS_BUILD_MACHINE:
+        just_release = True
+        static_options['WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS'] = True
+        dynamic_options['WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS'] = True
+
+    if PLATFORM == 'win':
+        generator32 = 'Visual Studio 14 2015'
+        generator64 = 'Visual Studio 14 2015 Win64'
+        if static:
+            build_lib('win32-static', generator32, static_options, just_release)
+            build_lib('win64-static', generator64, static_options, just_release)
+        if shared:
+            build_lib('win32-dynamic', generator32, dynamic_options, just_release)
+            build_lib('win64-dynamic', generator64, dynamic_options, just_release)
+    elif PLATFORM == 'osx':
+        if static:
+            build_lib('osx-static', None, static_options, just_release)
+        if shared:
+            build_lib('osx-dynamic', None, dynamic_options, just_release)
+    elif PLATFORM == 'linux':
+        if static:
+            build_lib('linux-static', None, static_options, just_release)
+        if shared:
+            build_lib('linux-dynamic', None, dynamic_options, just_release)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    os.chdir(SCRIPT_PATH)
+    sys.exit(cli())
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#if defined(DISCORD_DYNAMIC_LIB)
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#if defined(DISCORD_BUILDING_SDK)
+#define DISCORD_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define DISCORD_EXPORT __declspec(dllimport)
+#endif
+#else
+#define DISCORD_EXPORT __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#endif
+#else
+#define DISCORD_EXPORT
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_Register(const char* applicationId, const char* command);
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_RegisterSteamGame(const char* applicationId, const char* steamId);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// clang-format off
+
+#if defined(DISCORD_DYNAMIC_LIB)
+#  if defined(_WIN32)
+#    if defined(DISCORD_BUILDING_SDK)
+#      define DISCORD_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#    else
+#      define DISCORD_EXPORT __declspec(dllimport)
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define DISCORD_EXPORT __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#  endif
+#else
+#  define DISCORD_EXPORT
+#endif
+
+// clang-format on
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+typedef struct DiscordRichPresence {
+    const char* state;   /* max 128 bytes */
+    const char* details; /* max 128 bytes */
+    int64_t startTimestamp;
+    int64_t endTimestamp;
+    const char* largeImageKey;  /* max 32 bytes */
+    const char* largeImageText; /* max 128 bytes */
+    const char* smallImageKey;  /* max 32 bytes */
+    const char* smallImageText; /* max 128 bytes */
+    const char* partyId;        /* max 128 bytes */
+    int partySize;
+    int partyMax;
+    const char* matchSecret;    /* max 128 bytes */
+    const char* joinSecret;     /* max 128 bytes */
+    const char* spectateSecret; /* max 128 bytes */
+    int8_t instance;
+} DiscordRichPresence;
+
+typedef struct DiscordUser {
+    const char* userId;
+    const char* username;
+    const char* discriminator;
+    const char* avatar;
+} DiscordUser;
+
+typedef struct DiscordEventHandlers {
+    void (*ready)(const DiscordUser* request);
+    void (*disconnected)(int errorCode, const char* message);
+    void (*errored)(int errorCode, const char* message);
+    void (*joinGame)(const char* joinSecret);
+    void (*spectateGame)(const char* spectateSecret);
+    void (*joinRequest)(const DiscordUser* request);
+} DiscordEventHandlers;
+
+#define DISCORD_REPLY_NO 0
+#define DISCORD_REPLY_YES 1
+#define DISCORD_REPLY_IGNORE 2
+
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_Initialize(const char* applicationId,
+                                       DiscordEventHandlers* handlers,
+                                       int autoRegister,
+                                       const char* optionalSteamId);
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_Shutdown(void);
+
+/* checks for incoming messages, dispatches callbacks */
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_RunCallbacks(void);
+
+/* If you disable the lib starting its own io thread, you'll need to call this from your own */
+#ifdef DISCORD_DISABLE_IO_THREAD
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_UpdateConnection(void);
+#endif
+
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_UpdatePresence(const DiscordRichPresence* presence);
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_ClearPresence(void);
+
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_Respond(const char* userid, /* DISCORD_REPLY_ */ int reply);
+
+DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_UpdateHandlers(DiscordEventHandlers* handlers);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+} /* extern "C" */
+#endif
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+
+option(ENABLE_IO_THREAD "Start up a separate I/O thread, otherwise I'd need to call an update function" ON)
+option(USE_STATIC_CRT "Use /MT[d] for dynamic library" OFF)
+option(WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS "When enabled, compiles with `-Werror` (on *nix platforms)." OFF)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 14)
+
+set(BASE_RPC_SRC
+    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/discord_rpc.h
+    discord_rpc.cpp
+    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/discord_register.h
+    rpc_connection.h
+    rpc_connection.cpp
+    serialization.h
+    serialization.cpp
+    connection.h
+    backoff.h
+    msg_queue.h
+)
+
+if (${BUILD_SHARED_LIBS})
+    if(WIN32)
+        set(BASE_RPC_SRC ${BASE_RPC_SRC} dllmain.cpp)
+    endif(WIN32)
+endif(${BUILD_SHARED_LIBS})
+
+if(WIN32)
+    add_definitions(-DDISCORD_WINDOWS)
+    set(BASE_RPC_SRC ${BASE_RPC_SRC} connection_win.cpp discord_register_win.cpp)
+    add_library(discord-rpc ${BASE_RPC_SRC})
+    if (MSVC)
+        if(USE_STATIC_CRT)
+            foreach(CompilerFlag
+                    CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS
+                    CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG
+                    CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE
+                    CMAKE_C_FLAGS
+                    CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG
+                    CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE)
+                string(REPLACE "/MD" "/MT" ${CompilerFlag} "${${CompilerFlag}}")
+            endforeach()
+        endif(USE_STATIC_CRT)
+        target_compile_options(discord-rpc PRIVATE /EHsc
+            /Wall
+            /wd4100 # unreferenced formal parameter
+            /wd4514 # unreferenced inline
+            /wd4625 # copy constructor deleted
+            /wd5026 # move constructor deleted
+            /wd4626 # move assignment operator deleted
+            /wd4668 # not defined preprocessor macro
+            /wd4710 # function not inlined
+            /wd4711 # function was inlined
+            /wd4820 # structure padding
+            /wd4946 # reinterpret_cast used between related classes
+            /wd5027 # move assignment operator was implicitly defined as deleted
+        )
+    endif(MSVC)
+    target_link_libraries(discord-rpc PRIVATE psapi advapi32)
+endif(WIN32)
+
+if(UNIX)
+    set(BASE_RPC_SRC ${BASE_RPC_SRC} connection_unix.cpp)
+
+    if (APPLE)
+        add_definitions(-DDISCORD_OSX)
+        set(BASE_RPC_SRC ${BASE_RPC_SRC} discord_register_osx.m)
+    else (APPLE)
+        add_definitions(-DDISCORD_LINUX)
+        set(BASE_RPC_SRC ${BASE_RPC_SRC} discord_register_linux.cpp)
+    endif(APPLE)
+
+    add_library(discord-rpc ${BASE_RPC_SRC})
+    target_link_libraries(discord-rpc PUBLIC pthread)
+
+    if (APPLE)
+        target_link_libraries(discord-rpc PRIVATE "-framework AppKit, -mmacosx-version-min=10.10")
+    endif (APPLE)
+
+    target_compile_options(discord-rpc PRIVATE
+        -g
+        -Wall
+        -Wextra
+        -Wpedantic
+    )
+
+    if (${WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS})
+      target_compile_options(discord-rpc PRIVATE -Werror)
+    endif (${WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS})
+
+    target_compile_options(discord-rpc PRIVATE
+        -Wno-unknown-pragmas # pragma push thing doesn't work on clang
+        -Wno-old-style-cast # it's fine
+        -Wno-c++98-compat # that was almost 2 decades ago
+        -Wno-c++98-compat-pedantic
+        -Wno-missing-noreturn
+        -Wno-padded # structure padding
+        -Wno-covered-switch-default
+        -Wno-exit-time-destructors # not sure about these
+        -Wno-global-constructors
+    )
+
+    if (${BUILD_SHARED_LIBS})
+        target_compile_options(discord-rpc PRIVATE -fPIC)
+    endif (${BUILD_SHARED_LIBS})
+
+    if (APPLE)
+        target_link_libraries(discord-rpc PRIVATE "-framework AppKit")
+    endif (APPLE)
+endif(UNIX)
+
+target_include_directories(discord-rpc PRIVATE ${RAPIDJSON}/include)
+
+if (NOT ${ENABLE_IO_THREAD})
+    target_compile_definitions(discord-rpc PUBLIC -DDISCORD_DISABLE_IO_THREAD)
+endif (NOT ${ENABLE_IO_THREAD})
+
+if (${BUILD_SHARED_LIBS})
+    target_compile_definitions(discord-rpc PUBLIC -DDISCORD_DYNAMIC_LIB)
+    target_compile_definitions(discord-rpc PRIVATE -DDISCORD_BUILDING_SDK)
+endif(${BUILD_SHARED_LIBS})
+
+if (CLANG_FORMAT_CMD)
+    add_dependencies(discord-rpc clangformat)
+endif(CLANG_FORMAT_CMD)
+
+# install
+
+install(
+    TARGETS discord-rpc
+    EXPORT "discord-rpc"
+    RUNTIME
+        DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}"
+    LIBRARY
+        DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}"
+    ARCHIVE
+        DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}"
+    INCLUDES
+        DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}"
+)
+
+install(
+    FILES
+        "../include/discord_rpc.h"
+		"../include/discord_register.h"
+    DESTINATION "include"
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <random>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+struct Backoff {
+    int64_t minAmount;
+    int64_t maxAmount;
+    int64_t current;
+    int fails;
+    std::mt19937_64 randGenerator;
+    std::uniform_real_distribution<> randDistribution;
+
+    double rand01() { return randDistribution(randGenerator); }
+
+    Backoff(int64_t min, int64_t max)
+      : minAmount(min)
+      , maxAmount(max)
+      , current(min)
+      , fails(0)
+      , randGenerator((uint64_t)time(0))
+    {
+    }
+
+    void reset()
+    {
+        fails = 0;
+        current = minAmount;
+    }
+
+    int64_t nextDelay()
+    {
+        ++fails;
+        int64_t delay = (int64_t)((double)current * 2.0 * rand01());
+        current = std::min(current + delay, maxAmount);
+        return current;
+    }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// This is to wrap the platform specific kinds of connect/read/write.
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+// not really connectiony, but need per-platform
+int GetProcessId();
+
+struct BaseConnection {
+    static BaseConnection* Create();
+    static void Destroy(BaseConnection*&);
+    bool isOpen{false};
+    bool Open();
+    bool Close();
+    bool Write(const void* data, size_t length);
+    bool Read(void* data, size_t length);
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#include "connection.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int GetProcessId()
+{
+    return ::getpid();
+}
+
+struct BaseConnectionUnix : public BaseConnection {
+    int sock{-1};
+};
+
+static BaseConnectionUnix Connection;
+static sockaddr_un PipeAddr{};
+#ifdef MSG_NOSIGNAL
+static int MsgFlags = MSG_NOSIGNAL;
+#else
+static int MsgFlags = 0;
+#endif
+
+static const char* GetTempPath()
+{
+    const char* temp = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+    temp = temp ? temp : getenv("TMPDIR");
+    temp = temp ? temp : getenv("TMP");
+    temp = temp ? temp : getenv("TEMP");
+    temp = temp ? temp : "/tmp";
+    return temp;
+}
+
+/*static*/ BaseConnection* BaseConnection::Create()
+{
+    PipeAddr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
+    return &Connection;
+}
+
+/*static*/ void BaseConnection::Destroy(BaseConnection*& c)
+{
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionUnix*>(c);
+    self->Close();
+    c = nullptr;
+}
+
+bool BaseConnection::Open()
+{
+    const char* tempPath = GetTempPath();
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionUnix*>(this);
+    self->sock = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    if (self->sock == -1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    fcntl(self->sock, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
+#ifdef SO_NOSIGPIPE
+    int optval = 1;
+    setsockopt(self->sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_NOSIGPIPE, &optval, sizeof(optval));
+#endif
+
+    for (int pipeNum = 0; pipeNum < 10; ++pipeNum) {
+        snprintf(
+          PipeAddr.sun_path, sizeof(PipeAddr.sun_path), "%s/discord-ipc-%d", tempPath, pipeNum);
+        int err = connect(self->sock, (const sockaddr*)&PipeAddr, sizeof(PipeAddr));
+        if (err == 0) {
+            self->isOpen = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    self->Close();
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool BaseConnection::Close()
+{
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionUnix*>(this);
+    if (self->sock == -1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    close(self->sock);
+    self->sock = -1;
+    self->isOpen = false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool BaseConnection::Write(const void* data, size_t length)
+{
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionUnix*>(this);
+
+    if (self->sock == -1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ssize_t sentBytes = send(self->sock, data, length, MsgFlags);
+    if (sentBytes < 0) {
+        Close();
+    }
+    return sentBytes == (ssize_t)length;
+}
+
+bool BaseConnection::Read(void* data, size_t length)
+{
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionUnix*>(this);
+
+    if (self->sock == -1) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    int res = (int)recv(self->sock, data, length, MsgFlags);
+    if (res < 0) {
+        if (errno == EAGAIN) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        Close();
+    }
+    else if (res == 0) {
+        Close();
+    }
+    return res == (int)length;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+#include "connection.h"
+
+#ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+#define NOMCX
+#define NOSERVICE
+#define NOIME
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+
+int GetProcessId()
+{
+    return (int)::GetCurrentProcessId();
+}
+
+struct BaseConnectionWin : public BaseConnection {
+    HANDLE pipe{INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE};
+};
+
+static BaseConnectionWin Connection;
+
+/*static*/ BaseConnection* BaseConnection::Create()
+{
+    return &Connection;
+}
+
+/*static*/ void BaseConnection::Destroy(BaseConnection*& c)
+{
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionWin*>(c);
+    self->Close();
+    c = nullptr;
+}
+
+bool BaseConnection::Open()
+{
+    wchar_t pipeName[]{L"\\\\?\\pipe\\discord-ipc-0"};
+    const size_t pipeDigit = sizeof(pipeName) / sizeof(wchar_t) - 2;
+    pipeName[pipeDigit] = L'0';
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionWin*>(this);
+    for (;;) {
+        self->pipe = ::CreateFileW(
+          pipeName, GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, 0, nullptr, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, nullptr);
+        if (self->pipe != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+            self->isOpen = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        auto lastError = GetLastError();
+        if (lastError == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND) {
+            if (pipeName[pipeDigit] < L'9') {
+                pipeName[pipeDigit]++;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        else if (lastError == ERROR_PIPE_BUSY) {
+            if (!WaitNamedPipeW(pipeName, 10000)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+bool BaseConnection::Close()
+{
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionWin*>(this);
+    ::CloseHandle(self->pipe);
+    self->pipe = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+    self->isOpen = false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool BaseConnection::Write(const void* data, size_t length)
+{
+    if (length == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionWin*>(this);
+    assert(self);
+    if (!self) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (self->pipe == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    assert(data);
+    if (!data) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const DWORD bytesLength = (DWORD)length;
+    DWORD bytesWritten = 0;
+    return ::WriteFile(self->pipe, data, bytesLength, &bytesWritten, nullptr) == TRUE &&
+      bytesWritten == bytesLength;
+}
+
+bool BaseConnection::Read(void* data, size_t length)
+{
+    assert(data);
+    if (!data) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto self = reinterpret_cast<BaseConnectionWin*>(this);
+    assert(self);
+    if (!self) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (self->pipe == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    DWORD bytesAvailable = 0;
+    if (::PeekNamedPipe(self->pipe, nullptr, 0, nullptr, &bytesAvailable, nullptr)) {
+        if (bytesAvailable >= length) {
+            DWORD bytesToRead = (DWORD)length;
+            DWORD bytesRead = 0;
+            if (::ReadFile(self->pipe, data, bytesToRead, &bytesRead, nullptr) == TRUE) {
+                assert(bytesToRead == bytesRead);
+                return true;
+            }
+            else {
+                Close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        Close();
+    }
+    return false;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#include "discord_rpc.h"
+#include "discord_register.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+static bool Mkdir(const char* path)
+{
+    int result = mkdir(path, 0755);
+    if (result == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (errno == EEXIST) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+// we want to register games so we can run them from Discord client as discord-<appid>://
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_Register(const char* applicationId, const char* command)
+{
+    // Add a desktop file and update some mime handlers so that xdg-open does the right thing.
+
+    const char* home = getenv("HOME");
+    if (!home) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    char exePath[1024];
+    if (!command || !command[0]) {
+        ssize_t size = readlink("/proc/self/exe", exePath, sizeof(exePath));
+        if (size <= 0 || size >= (ssize_t)sizeof(exePath)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        exePath[size] = '\0';
+        command = exePath;
+    }
+
+    const char* desktopFileFormat = "[Desktop Entry]\n"
+                                    "Name=Game %s\n"
+                                    "Exec=%s %%u\n" // note: it really wants that %u in there
+                                    "Type=Application\n"
+                                    "NoDisplay=true\n"
+                                    "Categories=Discord;Games;\n"
+                                    "MimeType=x-scheme-handler/discord-%s;\n";
+    char desktopFile[2048];
+    int fileLen = snprintf(
+      desktopFile, sizeof(desktopFile), desktopFileFormat, applicationId, command, applicationId);
+    if (fileLen <= 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    char desktopFilename[256];
+    snprintf(desktopFilename, sizeof(desktopFilename), "/discord-%s.desktop", applicationId);
+
+    char desktopFilePath[1024];
+    snprintf(desktopFilePath, sizeof(desktopFilePath), "%s/.local", home);
+    if (!Mkdir(desktopFilePath)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    strcat(desktopFilePath, "/share");
+    if (!Mkdir(desktopFilePath)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    strcat(desktopFilePath, "/applications");
+    if (!Mkdir(desktopFilePath)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    strcat(desktopFilePath, desktopFilename);
+
+    FILE* fp = fopen(desktopFilePath, "w");
+    if (fp) {
+        fwrite(desktopFile, 1, fileLen, fp);
+        fclose(fp);
+    }
+    else {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    char xdgMimeCommand[1024];
+    snprintf(xdgMimeCommand,
+             sizeof(xdgMimeCommand),
+             "xdg-mime default discord-%s.desktop x-scheme-handler/discord-%s",
+             applicationId,
+             applicationId);
+    if (system(xdgMimeCommand) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to register mime handler\n");
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_RegisterSteamGame(const char* applicationId,
+                                                         const char* steamId)
+{
+    char command[256];
+    sprintf(command, "xdg-open steam://rungameid/%s", steamId);
+    Discord_Register(applicationId, command);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#import <AppKit/AppKit.h>
+
+#include "discord_register.h"
+
+static void RegisterCommand(const char* applicationId, const char* command)
+{
+    // There does not appear to be a way to register arbitrary commands on OSX, so instead we'll save the command
+    // to a file in the Discord config path, and when it is needed, Discord can try to load the file there, open
+    // the command therein (will pass to js's window.open, so requires a url-like thing)
+
+    // Note: will not work for sandboxed apps
+  	NSString *home = NSHomeDirectory();
+    if (!home) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    NSString *path = [[[[[[home stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Library"]
+                                stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Application Support"]
+                                stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"discord"]
+                                stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"games"]
+                                stringByAppendingPathComponent:[NSString stringWithUTF8String:applicationId]]
+                                stringByAppendingPathExtension:@"json"];
+    [[NSFileManager defaultManager] createDirectoryAtPath:[path stringByDeletingLastPathComponent] withIntermediateDirectories:YES attributes:nil error:nil];
+
+    NSString *jsonBuffer = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"{\"command\": \"%s\"}", command];
+    [jsonBuffer writeToFile:path atomically:NO encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];
+}
+
+static void RegisterURL(const char* applicationId)
+{
+    char url[256];
+    snprintf(url, sizeof(url), "discord-%s", applicationId);
+    CFStringRef cfURL = CFStringCreateWithCString(NULL, url, kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
+
+    NSString* myBundleId = [[NSBundle mainBundle] bundleIdentifier];
+    if (!myBundleId) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "No bundle id found\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    NSURL* myURL = [[NSBundle mainBundle] bundleURL];
+    if (!myURL) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "No bundle url found\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    OSStatus status = LSSetDefaultHandlerForURLScheme(cfURL, (__bridge CFStringRef)myBundleId);
+    if (status != noErr) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error in LSSetDefaultHandlerForURLScheme: %d\n", (int)status);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    status = LSRegisterURL((__bridge CFURLRef)myURL, true);
+    if (status != noErr) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error in LSRegisterURL: %d\n", (int)status);
+    }
+}
+
+void Discord_Register(const char* applicationId, const char* command)
+{
+    if (command) {
+        RegisterCommand(applicationId, command);
+    }
+    else {
+        // raii lite
+        @autoreleasepool {
+            RegisterURL(applicationId);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Discord_RegisterSteamGame(const char* applicationId, const char* steamId)
+{
+    char command[256];
+    snprintf(command, 256, "steam://rungameid/%s", steamId);
+    Discord_Register(applicationId, command);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+#include "discord_rpc.h"
+#include "discord_register.h"
+
+#ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+#define NOMCX
+#define NOSERVICE
+#define NOIME
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <psapi.h>
+#include <cwchar>
+#include <cstdio>
+
+/**
+ * Updated fixes for MinGW and WinXP
+ * This block is written the way it does not involve changing the rest of the code
+ * Checked to be compiling
+ * 1) strsafe.h belongs to Windows SDK and cannot be added to MinGW
+ * #include guarded, functions redirected to <string.h> substitutes
+ * 2) RegSetKeyValueW and LSTATUS are not declared in <winreg.h>
+ * The entire function is rewritten
+ */
+#ifdef __MINGW32__
+/// strsafe.h fixes
+static HRESULT StringCbPrintfW(LPWSTR pszDest, size_t cbDest, LPCWSTR pszFormat, ...)
+{
+    HRESULT ret;
+    va_list va;
+    va_start(va, pszFormat);
+    cbDest /= 2; // Size is divided by 2 to convert from bytes to wide characters - causes segfault
+                 // othervise
+    ret = vsnwprintf(pszDest, cbDest, pszFormat, va);
+    pszDest[cbDest - 1] = 0; // Terminate the string in case a buffer overflow; -1 will be returned
+    va_end(va);
+    return ret;
+}
+#else
+#include <strsafe.h>
+#endif // __MINGW32__
+
+/// winreg.h fixes
+#ifndef LSTATUS
+#define LSTATUS LONG
+#endif
+#ifdef RegSetKeyValueW
+#undefine RegSetKeyValueW
+#endif
+#define RegSetKeyValueW regset
+static LSTATUS regset(HKEY hkey,
+                      LPCWSTR subkey,
+                      LPCWSTR name,
+                      DWORD type,
+                      const void* data,
+                      DWORD len)
+{
+    HKEY htkey = hkey, hsubkey = nullptr;
+    LSTATUS ret;
+    if (subkey && subkey[0]) {
+        if ((ret = RegCreateKeyExW(hkey, subkey, 0, 0, 0, KEY_ALL_ACCESS, 0, &hsubkey, 0)) !=
+            ERROR_SUCCESS)
+            return ret;
+        htkey = hsubkey;
+    }
+    ret = RegSetValueExW(htkey, name, 0, type, (const BYTE*)data, len);
+    if (hsubkey && hsubkey != hkey)
+        RegCloseKey(hsubkey);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void Discord_RegisterW(const wchar_t* applicationId, const wchar_t* command)
+{
+    // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa767914(v=vs.85).aspx
+    // we want to register games so we can run them as discord-<appid>://
+    // Update the HKEY_CURRENT_USER, because it doesn't seem to require special permissions.
+
+    wchar_t exeFilePath[MAX_PATH];
+    DWORD exeLen = GetModuleFileNameW(nullptr, exeFilePath, MAX_PATH);
+    wchar_t openCommand[1024];
+
+    if (command && command[0]) {
+        StringCbPrintfW(openCommand, sizeof(openCommand), L"%s", command);
+    }
+    else {
+        // StringCbCopyW(openCommand, sizeof(openCommand), exeFilePath);
+        StringCbPrintfW(openCommand, sizeof(openCommand), L"%s", exeFilePath);
+    }
+
+    wchar_t protocolName[64];
+    StringCbPrintfW(protocolName, sizeof(protocolName), L"discord-%s", applicationId);
+    wchar_t protocolDescription[128];
+    StringCbPrintfW(
+      protocolDescription, sizeof(protocolDescription), L"URL:Run game %s protocol", applicationId);
+    wchar_t urlProtocol = 0;
+
+    wchar_t keyName[256];
+    StringCbPrintfW(keyName, sizeof(keyName), L"Software\\Classes\\%s", protocolName);
+    HKEY key;
+    auto status =
+      RegCreateKeyExW(HKEY_CURRENT_USER, keyName, 0, nullptr, 0, KEY_WRITE, nullptr, &key, nullptr);
+    if (status != ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error creating key\n");
+        return;
+    }
+    DWORD len;
+    LSTATUS result;
+    len = (DWORD)lstrlenW(protocolDescription) + 1;
+    result =
+      RegSetKeyValueW(key, nullptr, nullptr, REG_SZ, protocolDescription, len * sizeof(wchar_t));
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error writing description\n");
+    }
+
+    len = (DWORD)lstrlenW(protocolDescription) + 1;
+    result = RegSetKeyValueW(key, nullptr, L"URL Protocol", REG_SZ, &urlProtocol, sizeof(wchar_t));
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error writing description\n");
+    }
+
+    result = RegSetKeyValueW(
+      key, L"DefaultIcon", nullptr, REG_SZ, exeFilePath, (exeLen + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t));
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error writing icon\n");
+    }
+
+    len = (DWORD)lstrlenW(openCommand) + 1;
+    result = RegSetKeyValueW(
+      key, L"shell\\open\\command", nullptr, REG_SZ, openCommand, len * sizeof(wchar_t));
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error writing command\n");
+    }
+    RegCloseKey(key);
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_Register(const char* applicationId, const char* command)
+{
+    wchar_t appId[32];
+    MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, applicationId, -1, appId, 32);
+
+    wchar_t openCommand[1024];
+    const wchar_t* wcommand = nullptr;
+    if (command && command[0]) {
+        const auto commandBufferLen = sizeof(openCommand) / sizeof(*openCommand);
+        MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, command, -1, openCommand, commandBufferLen);
+        wcommand = openCommand;
+    }
+
+    Discord_RegisterW(appId, wcommand);
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_RegisterSteamGame(const char* applicationId,
+                                                         const char* steamId)
+{
+    wchar_t appId[32];
+    MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, applicationId, -1, appId, 32);
+
+    wchar_t wSteamId[32];
+    MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, steamId, -1, wSteamId, 32);
+
+    HKEY key;
+    auto status = RegOpenKeyExW(HKEY_CURRENT_USER, L"Software\\Valve\\Steam", 0, KEY_READ, &key);
+    if (status != ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error opening Steam key\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    wchar_t steamPath[MAX_PATH];
+    DWORD pathBytes = sizeof(steamPath);
+    status = RegQueryValueExW(key, L"SteamExe", nullptr, nullptr, (BYTE*)steamPath, &pathBytes);
+    RegCloseKey(key);
+    if (status != ERROR_SUCCESS || pathBytes < 1) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error reading SteamExe key\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    DWORD pathChars = pathBytes / sizeof(wchar_t);
+    for (DWORD i = 0; i < pathChars; ++i) {
+        if (steamPath[i] == L'/') {
+            steamPath[i] = L'\\';
+        }
+    }
+
+    wchar_t command[1024];
+    StringCbPrintfW(command, sizeof(command), L"\"%s\" steam://rungameid/%s", steamPath, wSteamId);
+
+    Discord_RegisterW(appId, command);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+#include "discord_rpc.h"
+
+#include "backoff.h"
+#include "discord_register.h"
+#include "msg_queue.h"
+#include "rpc_connection.h"
+#include "serialization.h"
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <mutex>
+
+#ifndef DISCORD_DISABLE_IO_THREAD
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <thread>
+#endif
+
+constexpr size_t MaxMessageSize{16 * 1024};
+constexpr size_t MessageQueueSize{8};
+constexpr size_t JoinQueueSize{8};
+
+struct QueuedMessage {
+    size_t length;
+    char buffer[MaxMessageSize];
+
+    void Copy(const QueuedMessage& other)
+    {
+        length = other.length;
+        if (length) {
+            memcpy(buffer, other.buffer, length);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+struct User {
+    // snowflake (64bit int), turned into a ascii decimal string, at most 20 chars +1 null
+    // terminator = 21
+    char userId[32];
+    // 32 unicode glyphs is max name size => 4 bytes per glyph in the worst case, +1 for null
+    // terminator = 129
+    char username[344];
+    // 4 decimal digits + 1 null terminator = 5
+    char discriminator[8];
+    // optional 'a_' + md5 hex digest (32 bytes) + null terminator = 35
+    char avatar[128];
+    // Rounded way up because I'm paranoid about games breaking from future changes in these sizes
+};
+
+static RpcConnection* Connection{nullptr};
+static DiscordEventHandlers QueuedHandlers{};
+static DiscordEventHandlers Handlers{};
+static std::atomic_bool WasJustConnected{false};
+static std::atomic_bool WasJustDisconnected{false};
+static std::atomic_bool GotErrorMessage{false};
+static std::atomic_bool WasJoinGame{false};
+static std::atomic_bool WasSpectateGame{false};
+static std::atomic_bool UpdatePresence{false};
+static char JoinGameSecret[256];
+static char SpectateGameSecret[256];
+static int LastErrorCode{0};
+static char LastErrorMessage[256];
+static int LastDisconnectErrorCode{0};
+static char LastDisconnectErrorMessage[256];
+static std::mutex PresenceMutex;
+static std::mutex HandlerMutex;
+static QueuedMessage QueuedPresence{};
+static MsgQueue<QueuedMessage, MessageQueueSize> SendQueue;
+static MsgQueue<User, JoinQueueSize> JoinAskQueue;
+static User connectedUser;
+
+// We want to auto connect, and retry on failure, but not as fast as possible. This does expoential
+// backoff from 0.5 seconds to 1 minute
+static Backoff ReconnectTimeMs(500, 60 * 1000);
+static auto NextConnect = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+static int Pid{0};
+static int Nonce{1};
+
+#ifndef DISCORD_DISABLE_IO_THREAD
+static void Discord_UpdateConnection(void);
+class IoThreadHolder {
+private:
+    std::atomic_bool keepRunning{true};
+    std::mutex waitForIOMutex;
+    std::condition_variable waitForIOActivity;
+    std::thread ioThread;
+
+public:
+    void Start()
+    {
+        keepRunning.store(true);
+        ioThread = std::thread([&]() {
+            const std::chrono::duration<int64_t, std::milli> maxWait{500LL};
+            Discord_UpdateConnection();
+            while (keepRunning.load()) {
+                std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(waitForIOMutex);
+                waitForIOActivity.wait_for(lock, maxWait);
+                Discord_UpdateConnection();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    void Notify() { waitForIOActivity.notify_all(); }
+
+    void Stop()
+    {
+        keepRunning.exchange(false);
+        Notify();
+        if (ioThread.joinable()) {
+            ioThread.join();
+        }
+    }
+
+    ~IoThreadHolder() { Stop(); }
+};
+#else
+class IoThreadHolder {
+public:
+    void Start() {}
+    void Stop() {}
+    void Notify() {}
+};
+#endif // DISCORD_DISABLE_IO_THREAD
+static IoThreadHolder* IoThread{nullptr};
+
+static void UpdateReconnectTime()
+{
+    NextConnect = std::chrono::system_clock::now() +
+      std::chrono::duration<int64_t, std::milli>{ReconnectTimeMs.nextDelay()};
+}
+
+#ifdef DISCORD_DISABLE_IO_THREAD
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_UpdateConnection(void)
+#else
+static void Discord_UpdateConnection(void)
+#endif
+{
+    if (!Connection) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!Connection->IsOpen()) {
+        if (std::chrono::system_clock::now() >= NextConnect) {
+            UpdateReconnectTime();
+            Connection->Open();
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        // reads
+
+        for (;;) {
+            JsonDocument message;
+
+            if (!Connection->Read(message)) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            const char* evtName = GetStrMember(&message, "evt");
+            const char* nonce = GetStrMember(&message, "nonce");
+
+            if (nonce) {
+                // in responses only -- should use to match up response when needed.
+
+                if (evtName && strcmp(evtName, "ERROR") == 0) {
+                    auto data = GetObjMember(&message, "data");
+                    LastErrorCode = GetIntMember(data, "code");
+                    StringCopy(LastErrorMessage, GetStrMember(data, "message", ""));
+                    GotErrorMessage.store(true);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                // should have evt == name of event, optional data
+                if (evtName == nullptr) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                auto data = GetObjMember(&message, "data");
+
+                if (strcmp(evtName, "ACTIVITY_JOIN") == 0) {
+                    auto secret = GetStrMember(data, "secret");
+                    if (secret) {
+                        StringCopy(JoinGameSecret, secret);
+                        WasJoinGame.store(true);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (strcmp(evtName, "ACTIVITY_SPECTATE") == 0) {
+                    auto secret = GetStrMember(data, "secret");
+                    if (secret) {
+                        StringCopy(SpectateGameSecret, secret);
+                        WasSpectateGame.store(true);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (strcmp(evtName, "ACTIVITY_JOIN_REQUEST") == 0) {
+                    auto user = GetObjMember(data, "user");
+                    auto userId = GetStrMember(user, "id");
+                    auto username = GetStrMember(user, "username");
+                    auto avatar = GetStrMember(user, "avatar");
+                    auto joinReq = JoinAskQueue.GetNextAddMessage();
+                    if (userId && username && joinReq) {
+                        StringCopy(joinReq->userId, userId);
+                        StringCopy(joinReq->username, username);
+                        auto discriminator = GetStrMember(user, "discriminator");
+                        if (discriminator) {
+                            StringCopy(joinReq->discriminator, discriminator);
+                        }
+                        if (avatar) {
+                            StringCopy(joinReq->avatar, avatar);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            joinReq->avatar[0] = 0;
+                        }
+                        JoinAskQueue.CommitAdd();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // writes
+        if (UpdatePresence.exchange(false) && QueuedPresence.length) {
+            QueuedMessage local;
+            {
+                std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(PresenceMutex);
+                local.Copy(QueuedPresence);
+            }
+            if (!Connection->Write(local.buffer, local.length)) {
+                // if we fail to send, requeue
+                std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(PresenceMutex);
+                QueuedPresence.Copy(local);
+                UpdatePresence.exchange(true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        while (SendQueue.HavePendingSends()) {
+            auto qmessage = SendQueue.GetNextSendMessage();
+            Connection->Write(qmessage->buffer, qmessage->length);
+            SendQueue.CommitSend();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void SignalIOActivity()
+{
+    if (IoThread != nullptr) {
+        IoThread->Notify();
+    }
+}
+
+static bool RegisterForEvent(const char* evtName)
+{
+    auto qmessage = SendQueue.GetNextAddMessage();
+    if (qmessage) {
+        qmessage->length =
+          JsonWriteSubscribeCommand(qmessage->buffer, sizeof(qmessage->buffer), Nonce++, evtName);
+        SendQueue.CommitAdd();
+        SignalIOActivity();
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static bool DeregisterForEvent(const char* evtName)
+{
+    auto qmessage = SendQueue.GetNextAddMessage();
+    if (qmessage) {
+        qmessage->length =
+          JsonWriteUnsubscribeCommand(qmessage->buffer, sizeof(qmessage->buffer), Nonce++, evtName);
+        SendQueue.CommitAdd();
+        SignalIOActivity();
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_Initialize(const char* applicationId,
+                                                  DiscordEventHandlers* handlers,
+                                                  int autoRegister,
+                                                  const char* optionalSteamId)
+{
+    IoThread = new (std::nothrow) IoThreadHolder();
+    if (IoThread == nullptr) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (autoRegister) {
+        if (optionalSteamId && optionalSteamId[0]) {
+            Discord_RegisterSteamGame(applicationId, optionalSteamId);
+        }
+        else {
+            Discord_Register(applicationId, nullptr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Pid = GetProcessId();
+
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+
+        if (handlers) {
+            QueuedHandlers = *handlers;
+        }
+        else {
+            QueuedHandlers = {};
+        }
+
+        Handlers = {};
+    }
+
+    if (Connection) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    Connection = RpcConnection::Create(applicationId);
+    Connection->onConnect = [](JsonDocument& readyMessage) {
+        Discord_UpdateHandlers(&QueuedHandlers);
+        if (QueuedPresence.length > 0) {
+            UpdatePresence.exchange(true);
+            SignalIOActivity();
+        }
+        auto data = GetObjMember(&readyMessage, "data");
+        auto user = GetObjMember(data, "user");
+        auto userId = GetStrMember(user, "id");
+        auto username = GetStrMember(user, "username");
+        auto avatar = GetStrMember(user, "avatar");
+        if (userId && username) {
+            StringCopy(connectedUser.userId, userId);
+            StringCopy(connectedUser.username, username);
+            auto discriminator = GetStrMember(user, "discriminator");
+            if (discriminator) {
+                StringCopy(connectedUser.discriminator, discriminator);
+            }
+            if (avatar) {
+                StringCopy(connectedUser.avatar, avatar);
+            }
+            else {
+                connectedUser.avatar[0] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        WasJustConnected.exchange(true);
+        ReconnectTimeMs.reset();
+    };
+    Connection->onDisconnect = [](int err, const char* message) {
+        LastDisconnectErrorCode = err;
+        StringCopy(LastDisconnectErrorMessage, message);
+        WasJustDisconnected.exchange(true);
+        UpdateReconnectTime();
+    };
+
+    IoThread->Start();
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_Shutdown(void)
+{
+    if (!Connection) {
+        return;
+    }
+    Connection->onConnect = nullptr;
+    Connection->onDisconnect = nullptr;
+    Handlers = {};
+    QueuedPresence.length = 0;
+    UpdatePresence.exchange(false);
+    if (IoThread != nullptr) {
+        IoThread->Stop();
+        delete IoThread;
+        IoThread = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    RpcConnection::Destroy(Connection);
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_UpdatePresence(const DiscordRichPresence* presence)
+{
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(PresenceMutex);
+        QueuedPresence.length = JsonWriteRichPresenceObj(
+          QueuedPresence.buffer, sizeof(QueuedPresence.buffer), Nonce++, Pid, presence);
+        UpdatePresence.exchange(true);
+    }
+    SignalIOActivity();
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_ClearPresence(void)
+{
+    Discord_UpdatePresence(nullptr);
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_Respond(const char* userId, /* DISCORD_REPLY_ */ int reply)
+{
+    // if we are not connected, let's not batch up stale messages for later
+    if (!Connection || !Connection->IsOpen()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    auto qmessage = SendQueue.GetNextAddMessage();
+    if (qmessage) {
+        qmessage->length =
+          JsonWriteJoinReply(qmessage->buffer, sizeof(qmessage->buffer), userId, reply, Nonce++);
+        SendQueue.CommitAdd();
+        SignalIOActivity();
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_RunCallbacks(void)
+{
+    // Note on some weirdness: internally we might connect, get other signals, disconnect any number
+    // of times inbetween calls here. Externally, we want the sequence to seem sane, so any other
+    // signals are book-ended by calls to ready and disconnect.
+
+    if (!Connection) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    bool wasDisconnected = WasJustDisconnected.exchange(false);
+    bool isConnected = Connection->IsOpen();
+
+    if (isConnected) {
+        // if we are connected, disconnect cb first
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+        if (wasDisconnected && Handlers.disconnected) {
+            Handlers.disconnected(LastDisconnectErrorCode, LastDisconnectErrorMessage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (WasJustConnected.exchange(false)) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+        if (Handlers.ready) {
+            DiscordUser du{connectedUser.userId,
+                           connectedUser.username,
+                           connectedUser.discriminator,
+                           connectedUser.avatar};
+            Handlers.ready(&du);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (GotErrorMessage.exchange(false)) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+        if (Handlers.errored) {
+            Handlers.errored(LastErrorCode, LastErrorMessage);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (WasJoinGame.exchange(false)) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+        if (Handlers.joinGame) {
+            Handlers.joinGame(JoinGameSecret);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (WasSpectateGame.exchange(false)) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+        if (Handlers.spectateGame) {
+            Handlers.spectateGame(SpectateGameSecret);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Right now this batches up any requests and sends them all in a burst; I could imagine a world
+    // where the implementer would rather sequentially accept/reject each one before the next invite
+    // is sent. I left it this way because I could also imagine wanting to process these all and
+    // maybe show them in one common dialog and/or start fetching the avatars in parallel, and if
+    // not it should be trivial for the implementer to make a queue themselves.
+    while (JoinAskQueue.HavePendingSends()) {
+        auto req = JoinAskQueue.GetNextSendMessage();
+        {
+            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+            if (Handlers.joinRequest) {
+                DiscordUser du{req->userId, req->username, req->discriminator, req->avatar};
+                Handlers.joinRequest(&du);
+            }
+        }
+        JoinAskQueue.CommitSend();
+    }
+
+    if (!isConnected) {
+        // if we are not connected, disconnect message last
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+        if (wasDisconnected && Handlers.disconnected) {
+            Handlers.disconnected(LastDisconnectErrorCode, LastDisconnectErrorMessage);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" DISCORD_EXPORT void Discord_UpdateHandlers(DiscordEventHandlers* newHandlers)
+{
+    if (newHandlers) {
+#define HANDLE_EVENT_REGISTRATION(handler_name, event)              \
+    if (!Handlers.handler_name && newHandlers->handler_name) {      \
+        RegisterForEvent(event);                                    \
+    }                                                               \
+    else if (Handlers.handler_name && !newHandlers->handler_name) { \
+        DeregisterForEvent(event);                                  \
+    }
+
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+        HANDLE_EVENT_REGISTRATION(joinGame, "ACTIVITY_JOIN")
+        HANDLE_EVENT_REGISTRATION(spectateGame, "ACTIVITY_SPECTATE")
+        HANDLE_EVENT_REGISTRATION(joinRequest, "ACTIVITY_JOIN_REQUEST")
+
+#undef HANDLE_EVENT_REGISTRATION
+
+        Handlers = *newHandlers;
+    }
+    else {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(HandlerMutex);
+        Handlers = {};
+    }
+    return;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#include <windows.h>
+
+// outsmart GCC's missing-declarations warning
+BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HMODULE, DWORD, LPVOID);
+BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HMODULE, DWORD, LPVOID)
+{
+    return TRUE;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <atomic>
+
+// A simple queue. No locks, but only works with a single thread as producer and a single thread as
+// a consumer. Mutex up as needed.
+
+template <typename ElementType, size_t QueueSize>
+class MsgQueue {
+    ElementType queue_[QueueSize];
+    std::atomic_uint nextAdd_{0};
+    std::atomic_uint nextSend_{0};
+    std::atomic_uint pendingSends_{0};
+
+public:
+    MsgQueue() {}
+
+    ElementType* GetNextAddMessage()
+    {
+        // if we are falling behind, bail
+        if (pendingSends_.load() >= QueueSize) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        auto index = (nextAdd_++) % QueueSize;
+        return &queue_[index];
+    }
+    void CommitAdd() { ++pendingSends_; }
+
+    bool HavePendingSends() const { return pendingSends_.load() != 0; }
+    ElementType* GetNextSendMessage()
+    {
+        auto index = (nextSend_++) % QueueSize;
+        return &queue_[index];
+    }
+    void CommitSend() { --pendingSends_; }
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#include "rpc_connection.h"
+#include "serialization.h"
+
+#include <atomic>
+
+static const int RpcVersion = 1;
+static RpcConnection Instance;
+
+/*static*/ RpcConnection* RpcConnection::Create(const char* applicationId)
+{
+    Instance.connection = BaseConnection::Create();
+    StringCopy(Instance.appId, applicationId);
+    return &Instance;
+}
+
+/*static*/ void RpcConnection::Destroy(RpcConnection*& c)
+{
+    c->Close();
+    BaseConnection::Destroy(c->connection);
+    c = nullptr;
+}
+
+void RpcConnection::Open()
+{
+    if (state == State::Connected) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (state == State::Disconnected && !connection->Open()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (state == State::SentHandshake) {
+        JsonDocument message;
+        if (Read(message)) {
+            auto cmd = GetStrMember(&message, "cmd");
+            auto evt = GetStrMember(&message, "evt");
+            if (cmd && evt && !strcmp(cmd, "DISPATCH") && !strcmp(evt, "READY")) {
+                state = State::Connected;
+                if (onConnect) {
+                    onConnect(message);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        sendFrame.opcode = Opcode::Handshake;
+        sendFrame.length = (uint32_t)JsonWriteHandshakeObj(
+          sendFrame.message, sizeof(sendFrame.message), RpcVersion, appId);
+
+        if (connection->Write(&sendFrame, sizeof(MessageFrameHeader) + sendFrame.length)) {
+            state = State::SentHandshake;
+        }
+        else {
+            Close();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void RpcConnection::Close()
+{
+    if (onDisconnect && (state == State::Connected || state == State::SentHandshake)) {
+        onDisconnect(lastErrorCode, lastErrorMessage);
+    }
+    connection->Close();
+    state = State::Disconnected;
+}
+
+bool RpcConnection::Write(const void* data, size_t length)
+{
+    sendFrame.opcode = Opcode::Frame;
+    memcpy(sendFrame.message, data, length);
+    sendFrame.length = (uint32_t)length;
+    if (!connection->Write(&sendFrame, sizeof(MessageFrameHeader) + length)) {
+        Close();
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool RpcConnection::Read(JsonDocument& message)
+{
+    if (state != State::Connected && state != State::SentHandshake) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    MessageFrame readFrame;
+    for (;;) {
+        bool didRead = connection->Read(&readFrame, sizeof(MessageFrameHeader));
+        if (!didRead) {
+            if (!connection->isOpen) {
+                lastErrorCode = (int)ErrorCode::PipeClosed;
+                StringCopy(lastErrorMessage, "Pipe closed");
+                Close();
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (readFrame.length > 0) {
+            didRead = connection->Read(readFrame.message, readFrame.length);
+            if (!didRead) {
+                lastErrorCode = (int)ErrorCode::ReadCorrupt;
+                StringCopy(lastErrorMessage, "Partial data in frame");
+                Close();
+                return false;
+            }
+            readFrame.message[readFrame.length] = 0;
+        }
+
+        switch (readFrame.opcode) {
+        case Opcode::Close: {
+            message.ParseInsitu(readFrame.message);
+            lastErrorCode = GetIntMember(&message, "code");
+            StringCopy(lastErrorMessage, GetStrMember(&message, "message", ""));
+            Close();
+            return false;
+        }
+        case Opcode::Frame:
+            message.ParseInsitu(readFrame.message);
+            return true;
+        case Opcode::Ping:
+            readFrame.opcode = Opcode::Pong;
+            if (!connection->Write(&readFrame, sizeof(MessageFrameHeader) + readFrame.length)) {
+                Close();
+            }
+            break;
+        case Opcode::Pong:
+            break;
+        case Opcode::Handshake:
+        default:
+            // something bad happened
+            lastErrorCode = (int)ErrorCode::ReadCorrupt;
+            StringCopy(lastErrorMessage, "Bad ipc frame");
+            Close();
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "connection.h"
+#include "serialization.h"
+
+// I took this from the buffer size libuv uses for named pipes; I suspect ours would usually be much
+// smaller.
+constexpr size_t MaxRpcFrameSize = 64 * 1024;
+
+struct RpcConnection {
+    enum class ErrorCode : int {
+        Success = 0,
+        PipeClosed = 1,
+        ReadCorrupt = 2,
+    };
+
+    enum class Opcode : uint32_t {
+        Handshake = 0,
+        Frame = 1,
+        Close = 2,
+        Ping = 3,
+        Pong = 4,
+    };
+
+    struct MessageFrameHeader {
+        Opcode opcode;
+        uint32_t length;
+    };
+
+    struct MessageFrame : public MessageFrameHeader {
+        char message[MaxRpcFrameSize - sizeof(MessageFrameHeader)];
+    };
+
+    enum class State : uint32_t {
+        Disconnected,
+        SentHandshake,
+        AwaitingResponse,
+        Connected,
+    };
+
+    BaseConnection* connection{nullptr};
+    State state{State::Disconnected};
+    void (*onConnect)(JsonDocument& message){nullptr};
+    void (*onDisconnect)(int errorCode, const char* message){nullptr};
+    char appId[64]{};
+    int lastErrorCode{0};
+    char lastErrorMessage[256]{};
+    RpcConnection::MessageFrame sendFrame;
+
+    static RpcConnection* Create(const char* applicationId);
+    static void Destroy(RpcConnection*&);
+
+    inline bool IsOpen() const { return state == State::Connected; }
+
+    void Open();
+    void Close();
+    bool Write(const void* data, size_t length);
+    bool Read(JsonDocument& message);
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+#include "serialization.h"
+#include "connection.h"
+#include "discord_rpc.h"
+
+template <typename T>
+void NumberToString(char* dest, T number)
+{
+    if (!number) {
+        *dest++ = '0';
+        *dest++ = 0;
+        return;
+    }
+    if (number < 0) {
+        *dest++ = '-';
+        number = -number;
+    }
+    char temp[32];
+    int place = 0;
+    while (number) {
+        auto digit = number % 10;
+        number = number / 10;
+        temp[place++] = '0' + (char)digit;
+    }
+    for (--place; place >= 0; --place) {
+        *dest++ = temp[place];
+    }
+    *dest = 0;
+}
+
+// it's ever so slightly faster to not have to strlen the key
+template <typename T>
+void WriteKey(JsonWriter& w, T& k)
+{
+    w.Key(k, sizeof(T) - 1);
+}
+
+struct WriteObject {
+    JsonWriter& writer;
+    WriteObject(JsonWriter& w)
+      : writer(w)
+    {
+        writer.StartObject();
+    }
+    template <typename T>
+    WriteObject(JsonWriter& w, T& name)
+      : writer(w)
+    {
+        WriteKey(writer, name);
+        writer.StartObject();
+    }
+    ~WriteObject() { writer.EndObject(); }
+};
+
+struct WriteArray {
+    JsonWriter& writer;
+    template <typename T>
+    WriteArray(JsonWriter& w, T& name)
+      : writer(w)
+    {
+        WriteKey(writer, name);
+        writer.StartArray();
+    }
+    ~WriteArray() { writer.EndArray(); }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+void WriteOptionalString(JsonWriter& w, T& k, const char* value)
+{
+    if (value && value[0]) {
+        w.Key(k, sizeof(T) - 1);
+        w.String(value);
+    }
+}
+
+static void JsonWriteNonce(JsonWriter& writer, int nonce)
+{
+    WriteKey(writer, "nonce");
+    char nonceBuffer[32];
+    NumberToString(nonceBuffer, nonce);
+    writer.String(nonceBuffer);
+}
+
+size_t JsonWriteRichPresenceObj(char* dest,
+                                size_t maxLen,
+                                int nonce,
+                                int pid,
+                                const DiscordRichPresence* presence)
+{
+    JsonWriter writer(dest, maxLen);
+
+    {
+        WriteObject top(writer);
+
+        JsonWriteNonce(writer, nonce);
+
+        WriteKey(writer, "cmd");
+        writer.String("SET_ACTIVITY");
+
+        {
+            WriteObject args(writer, "args");
+
+            WriteKey(writer, "pid");
+            writer.Int(pid);
+
+            if (presence != nullptr) {
+                WriteObject activity(writer, "activity");
+
+                WriteOptionalString(writer, "state", presence->state);
+                WriteOptionalString(writer, "details", presence->details);
+
+                if (presence->startTimestamp || presence->endTimestamp) {
+                    WriteObject timestamps(writer, "timestamps");
+
+                    if (presence->startTimestamp) {
+                        WriteKey(writer, "start");
+                        writer.Int64(presence->startTimestamp);
+                    }
+
+                    if (presence->endTimestamp) {
+                        WriteKey(writer, "end");
+                        writer.Int64(presence->endTimestamp);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if ((presence->largeImageKey && presence->largeImageKey[0]) ||
+                    (presence->largeImageText && presence->largeImageText[0]) ||
+                    (presence->smallImageKey && presence->smallImageKey[0]) ||
+                    (presence->smallImageText && presence->smallImageText[0])) {
+                    WriteObject assets(writer, "assets");
+                    WriteOptionalString(writer, "large_image", presence->largeImageKey);
+                    WriteOptionalString(writer, "large_text", presence->largeImageText);
+                    WriteOptionalString(writer, "small_image", presence->smallImageKey);
+                    WriteOptionalString(writer, "small_text", presence->smallImageText);
+                }
+
+                if ((presence->partyId && presence->partyId[0]) || presence->partySize ||
+                    presence->partyMax) {
+                    WriteObject party(writer, "party");
+                    WriteOptionalString(writer, "id", presence->partyId);
+                    if (presence->partySize && presence->partyMax) {
+                        WriteArray size(writer, "size");
+                        writer.Int(presence->partySize);
+                        writer.Int(presence->partyMax);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if ((presence->matchSecret && presence->matchSecret[0]) ||
+                    (presence->joinSecret && presence->joinSecret[0]) ||
+                    (presence->spectateSecret && presence->spectateSecret[0])) {
+                    WriteObject secrets(writer, "secrets");
+                    WriteOptionalString(writer, "match", presence->matchSecret);
+                    WriteOptionalString(writer, "join", presence->joinSecret);
+                    WriteOptionalString(writer, "spectate", presence->spectateSecret);
+                }
+
+                writer.Key("instance");
+                writer.Bool(presence->instance != 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return writer.Size();
+}
+
+size_t JsonWriteHandshakeObj(char* dest, size_t maxLen, int version, const char* applicationId)
+{
+    JsonWriter writer(dest, maxLen);
+
+    {
+        WriteObject obj(writer);
+        WriteKey(writer, "v");
+        writer.Int(version);
+        WriteKey(writer, "client_id");
+        writer.String(applicationId);
+    }
+
+    return writer.Size();
+}
+
+size_t JsonWriteSubscribeCommand(char* dest, size_t maxLen, int nonce, const char* evtName)
+{
+    JsonWriter writer(dest, maxLen);
+
+    {
+        WriteObject obj(writer);
+
+        JsonWriteNonce(writer, nonce);
+
+        WriteKey(writer, "cmd");
+        writer.String("SUBSCRIBE");
+
+        WriteKey(writer, "evt");
+        writer.String(evtName);
+    }
+
+    return writer.Size();
+}
+
+size_t JsonWriteUnsubscribeCommand(char* dest, size_t maxLen, int nonce, const char* evtName)
+{
+    JsonWriter writer(dest, maxLen);
+
+    {
+        WriteObject obj(writer);
+
+        JsonWriteNonce(writer, nonce);
+
+        WriteKey(writer, "cmd");
+        writer.String("UNSUBSCRIBE");
+
+        WriteKey(writer, "evt");
+        writer.String(evtName);
+    }
+
+    return writer.Size();
+}
+
+size_t JsonWriteJoinReply(char* dest, size_t maxLen, const char* userId, int reply, int nonce)
+{
+    JsonWriter writer(dest, maxLen);
+
+    {
+        WriteObject obj(writer);
+
+        WriteKey(writer, "cmd");
+        if (reply == DISCORD_REPLY_YES) {
+            writer.String("SEND_ACTIVITY_JOIN_INVITE");
+        }
+        else {
+            writer.String("CLOSE_ACTIVITY_JOIN_REQUEST");
+        }
+
+        WriteKey(writer, "args");
+        {
+            WriteObject args(writer);
+
+            WriteKey(writer, "user_id");
+            writer.String(userId);
+        }
+
+        JsonWriteNonce(writer, nonce);
+    }
+
+    return writer.Size();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#ifndef __MINGW32__
+#pragma warning(push)
+
+#pragma warning(disable : 4061) // enum is not explicitly handled by a case label
+#pragma warning(disable : 4365) // signed/unsigned mismatch
+#pragma warning(disable : 4464) // relative include path contains
+#pragma warning(disable : 4668) // is not defined as a preprocessor macro
+#pragma warning(disable : 6313) // Incorrect operator
+#endif                          // __MINGW32__
+
+#include "external/rapidjson/document.h"
+#include "external/rapidjson/stringbuffer.h"
+#include "external/rapidjson/writer.h"
+
+#ifndef __MINGW32__
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif // __MINGW32__
+
+// if only there was a standard library function for this
+template <size_t Len>
+inline size_t StringCopy(char (&dest)[Len], const char* src)
+{
+    if (!src || !Len) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    size_t copied;
+    char* out = dest;
+    for (copied = 1; *src && copied < Len; ++copied) {
+        *out++ = *src++;
+    }
+    *out = 0;
+    return copied - 1;
+}
+
+size_t JsonWriteHandshakeObj(char* dest, size_t maxLen, int version, const char* applicationId);
+
+// Commands
+struct DiscordRichPresence;
+size_t JsonWriteRichPresenceObj(char* dest,
+                                size_t maxLen,
+                                int nonce,
+                                int pid,
+                                const DiscordRichPresence* presence);
+size_t JsonWriteSubscribeCommand(char* dest, size_t maxLen, int nonce, const char* evtName);
+
+size_t JsonWriteUnsubscribeCommand(char* dest, size_t maxLen, int nonce, const char* evtName);
+
+size_t JsonWriteJoinReply(char* dest, size_t maxLen, const char* userId, int reply, int nonce);
+
+// I want to use as few allocations as I can get away with, and to do that with RapidJson, you need
+// to supply some of your own allocators for stuff rather than use the defaults
+
+class LinearAllocator {
+public:
+    char* buffer_;
+    char* end_;
+    LinearAllocator()
+    {
+        assert(0); // needed for some default case in rapidjson, should not use
+    }
+    LinearAllocator(char* buffer, size_t size)
+      : buffer_(buffer)
+      , end_(buffer + size)
+    {
+    }
+    static const bool kNeedFree = false;
+    void* Malloc(size_t size)
+    {
+        char* res = buffer_;
+        buffer_ += size;
+        if (buffer_ > end_) {
+            buffer_ = res;
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+    void* Realloc(void* originalPtr, size_t originalSize, size_t newSize)
+    {
+        if (newSize == 0) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        // allocate how much you need in the first place
+        assert(!originalPtr && !originalSize);
+        // unused parameter warning
+        (void)(originalPtr);
+        (void)(originalSize);
+        return Malloc(newSize);
+    }
+    static void Free(void* ptr)
+    {
+        /* shrug */
+        (void)ptr;
+    }
+};
+
+template <size_t Size>
+class FixedLinearAllocator : public LinearAllocator {
+public:
+    char fixedBuffer_[Size];
+    FixedLinearAllocator()
+      : LinearAllocator(fixedBuffer_, Size)
+    {
+    }
+    static const bool kNeedFree = false;
+};
+
+// wonder why this isn't a thing already, maybe I missed it
+class DirectStringBuffer {
+public:
+    using Ch = char;
+    char* buffer_;
+    char* end_;
+    char* current_;
+
+    DirectStringBuffer(char* buffer, size_t maxLen)
+      : buffer_(buffer)
+      , end_(buffer + maxLen)
+      , current_(buffer)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void Put(char c)
+    {
+        if (current_ < end_) {
+            *current_++ = c;
+        }
+    }
+    void Flush() {}
+    size_t GetSize() const { return (size_t)(current_ - buffer_); }
+};
+
+using MallocAllocator = rapidjson::CrtAllocator;
+using PoolAllocator = rapidjson::MemoryPoolAllocator<MallocAllocator>;
+using UTF8 = rapidjson::UTF8<char>;
+// Writer appears to need about 16 bytes per nested object level (with 64bit size_t)
+using StackAllocator = FixedLinearAllocator<2048>;
+constexpr size_t WriterNestingLevels = 2048 / (2 * sizeof(size_t));
+using JsonWriterBase =
+  rapidjson::Writer<DirectStringBuffer, UTF8, UTF8, StackAllocator, rapidjson::kWriteNoFlags>;
+class JsonWriter : public JsonWriterBase {
+public:
+    DirectStringBuffer stringBuffer_;
+    StackAllocator stackAlloc_;
+
+    JsonWriter(char* dest, size_t maxLen)
+      : JsonWriterBase(stringBuffer_, &stackAlloc_, WriterNestingLevels)
+      , stringBuffer_(dest, maxLen)
+      , stackAlloc_()
+    {
+    }
+
+    size_t Size() const { return stringBuffer_.GetSize(); }
+};
+
+using JsonDocumentBase = rapidjson::GenericDocument<UTF8, PoolAllocator, StackAllocator>;
+class JsonDocument : public JsonDocumentBase {
+public:
+    static const int kDefaultChunkCapacity = 32 * 1024;
+    // json parser will use this buffer first, then allocate more if needed; I seriously doubt we
+    // send any messages that would use all of this, though.
+    char parseBuffer_[32 * 1024];
+    MallocAllocator mallocAllocator_;
+    PoolAllocator poolAllocator_;
+    StackAllocator stackAllocator_;
+    JsonDocument()
+      : JsonDocumentBase(rapidjson::kObjectType,
+                         &poolAllocator_,
+                         sizeof(stackAllocator_.fixedBuffer_),
+                         &stackAllocator_)
+      , poolAllocator_(parseBuffer_, sizeof(parseBuffer_), kDefaultChunkCapacity, &mallocAllocator_)
+      , stackAllocator_()
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+using JsonValue = rapidjson::GenericValue<UTF8, PoolAllocator>;
+
+inline JsonValue* GetObjMember(JsonValue* obj, const char* name)
+{
+    if (obj) {
+        auto member = obj->FindMember(name);
+        if (member != obj->MemberEnd() && member->value.IsObject()) {
+            return &member->value;
+        }
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+inline int GetIntMember(JsonValue* obj, const char* name, int notFoundDefault = 0)
+{
+    if (obj) {
+        auto member = obj->FindMember(name);
+        if (member != obj->MemberEnd() && member->value.IsInt()) {
+            return member->value.GetInt();
+        }
+    }
+    return notFoundDefault;
+}
+
+inline const char* GetStrMember(JsonValue* obj,
+                                const char* name,
+                                const char* notFoundDefault = nullptr)
+{
+    if (obj) {
+        auto member = obj->FindMember(name);
+        if (member != obj->MemberEnd() && member->value.IsString()) {
+            return member->value.GetString();
+        }
+    }
+    return notFoundDefault;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+FROM archlinux:base
+
+RUN pacman --noconfirm -Sy gettext \
+    git \
+    bash \
+    zip \
+    upx \
+    sudo \
+    binutils \
+    file \
+    make \
+    gcc \
+    fakeroot \
+    diffutils \
+    cmake \
+    awk \
+    unzip \
+    mingw-w64-crt \
+    mingw-w64-winpthreads \
+    mingw-w64-gcc \
+    mingw-w64-headers \
+    mingw-w64-binutils
+RUN useradd user -m && echo "ALL ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" >> /etc/sudoers
+RUN su user -c "cd /tmp/ && git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git --depth=1 && cd yay && makepkg --noconfirm -si && yay --noconfirm -S mingw-w64-cmake"
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Run manually to reformat a file:
+# clang-format -i --style=file <file>
+Language: Cpp
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+IndentPPDirectives: AfterHash
+IndentCaseLabels: false
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: false
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+.vscode/
+.vs/
+
+*.iml
+.idea/
+.externalNativeBuild/
+.gradle/
+gradle/
+gradlew*
+local.properties
+build/
+support/.cxx
+
+bin/
+/_CPack_Packages
+/CMakeScripts
+/doc/doxyxml
+/doc/html
+/doc/node_modules
+virtualenv
+/Testing
+/install_manifest.txt
+*~
+*.a
+*.so*
+*.xcodeproj
+*.zip
+cmake_install.cmake
+CPack*.cmake
+fmt-*.cmake
+CTestTestfile.cmake
+CMakeCache.txt
+CMakeFiles
+FMT.build
+Makefile
+run-msbuild.bat
+fmt.pc
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1...3.18)
+
+# Fallback for using newer policies on CMake <3.12.
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.12)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
+endif()
+
+# Determine if fmt is built as a subproject (using add_subdirectory)
+# or if it is the master project.
+if (NOT DEFINED FMT_MASTER_PROJECT)
+  set(FMT_MASTER_PROJECT OFF)
+  if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)
+    set(FMT_MASTER_PROJECT ON)
+    message(STATUS "CMake version: ${CMAKE_VERSION}")
+  endif ()
+endif ()
+
+# Joins arguments and places the results in ${result_var}.
+function(join result_var)
+  set(result )
+  foreach (arg ${ARGN})
+    set(result "${result}${arg}")
+  endforeach ()
+  set(${result_var} "${result}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+
+function(enable_module target)
+  if (MSVC)
+    set(BMI ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${target}.ifc)
+    target_compile_options(${target}
+      PRIVATE /interface /ifcOutput ${BMI}
+      INTERFACE /reference fmt=${BMI})
+  endif ()
+  set_target_properties(${target} PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES ${BMI})
+  set_source_files_properties(${BMI} PROPERTIES GENERATED ON)
+endfunction()
+
+include(CMakeParseArguments)
+
+# Sets a cache variable with a docstring joined from multiple arguments:
+#   set(<variable> <value>... CACHE <type> <docstring>...)
+# This allows splitting a long docstring for readability.
+function(set_verbose)
+  # cmake_parse_arguments is broken in CMake 3.4 (cannot parse CACHE) so use
+  # list instead.
+  list(GET ARGN 0 var)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  list(GET ARGN 0 val)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  list(GET ARGN 0 type)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  join(doc ${ARGN})
+  set(${var} ${val} CACHE ${type} ${doc})
+endfunction()
+
+# Set the default CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE to Release.
+# This should be done before the project command since the latter can set
+# CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE itself (it does so for nmake).
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
+  set_verbose(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release CACHE STRING
+              "Choose the type of build, options are: None(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS or "
+              "CMAKE_C_FLAGS used) Debug Release RelWithDebInfo MinSizeRel.")
+endif ()
+
+project(FMT CXX)
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+set_verbose(FMT_INC_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR} CACHE STRING
+            "Installation directory for include files, a relative path that "
+            "will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute path.")
+
+option(FMT_PEDANTIC "Enable extra warnings and expensive tests." OFF)
+option(FMT_WERROR "Halt the compilation with an error on compiler warnings."
+       OFF)
+
+# Options that control generation of various targets.
+option(FMT_DOC "Generate the doc target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(FMT_INSTALL "Generate the install target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(FMT_TEST "Generate the test target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(FMT_FUZZ "Generate the fuzz target." OFF)
+option(FMT_CUDA_TEST "Generate the cuda-test target." OFF)
+option(FMT_OS "Include core requiring OS (Windows/Posix) " ON)
+option(FMT_MODULE "Build a module instead of a traditional library." OFF)
+
+set(FMT_CAN_MODULE OFF)
+if (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD GREATER 17 AND
+    # msvc 16.10-pre4
+    MSVC AND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 19.29.30035)
+  set(FMT_CAN_MODULE ON)
+endif ()
+if (NOT FMT_CAN_MODULE)
+  set(FMT_MODULE OFF)
+  message(STATUS "Module support is disabled.")
+endif ()
+if (FMT_TEST AND FMT_MODULE)
+  # The tests require {fmt} to be compiled as traditional library
+  message(STATUS "Testing is incompatible with build mode 'module'.")
+endif ()
+
+# Get version from core.h
+file(READ include/fmt/core.h core_h)
+if (NOT core_h MATCHES "FMT_VERSION ([0-9]+)([0-9][0-9])([0-9][0-9])")
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot get FMT_VERSION from core.h.")
+endif ()
+# Use math to skip leading zeros if any.
+math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR ${CMAKE_MATCH_1})
+math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR ${CMAKE_MATCH_2})
+math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH ${CMAKE_MATCH_3})
+join(FMT_VERSION ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR}.${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR}.
+                 ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH})
+message(STATUS "Version: ${FMT_VERSION}")
+
+message(STATUS "Build type: ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}")
+
+if (NOT CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY)
+  set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
+endif ()
+
+set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH}
+  "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake")
+
+include(cxx14)
+include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
+include(JoinPaths)
+
+list(FIND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILE_FEATURES "cxx_variadic_templates" index)
+if (${index} GREATER -1)
+  # Use cxx_variadic_templates instead of more appropriate cxx_std_11 for
+  # compatibility with older CMake versions.
+  set(FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES cxx_variadic_templates)
+endif ()
+message(STATUS "Required features: ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES}")
+
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT DEFINED CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET)
+  set_verbose(CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET hidden CACHE STRING
+              "Preset for the export of private symbols")
+  set_property(CACHE CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET PROPERTY STRINGS
+               hidden default)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT DEFINED CMAKE_VISIBILITY_INLINES_HIDDEN)
+  set_verbose(CMAKE_VISIBILITY_INLINES_HIDDEN ON CACHE BOOL
+              "Whether to add a compile flag to hide symbols of inline functions")
+endif ()
+
+if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS -pedantic-errors -Wall -Wextra -pedantic
+      -Wold-style-cast -Wundef
+      -Wredundant-decls -Wwrite-strings -Wpointer-arith
+      -Wcast-qual -Wformat=2 -Wmissing-include-dirs
+      -Wcast-align
+      -Wctor-dtor-privacy -Wdisabled-optimization
+      -Winvalid-pch -Woverloaded-virtual
+      -Wconversion -Wswitch-enum -Wundef
+      -Wno-ctor-dtor-privacy -Wno-format-nonliteral)
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 4.6)
+      set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS}
+         -Wno-dangling-else -Wno-unused-local-typedefs)
+  endif ()
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 5.0)
+      set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS} -Wdouble-promotion
+          -Wtrampolines -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant -Wuseless-cast
+          -Wvector-operation-performance -Wsized-deallocation -Wshadow)
+  endif ()
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 6.0)
+      set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS} -Wshift-overflow=2
+          -Wnull-dereference -Wduplicated-cond)
+  endif ()
+  set(WERROR_FLAG -Werror)
+endif ()
+
+if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -Wconversion -Wundef
+      -Wdeprecated -Wweak-vtables -Wshadow
+      -Wno-gnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant HAS_NULLPTR_WARNING)
+  if (HAS_NULLPTR_WARNING)
+    set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS}
+        -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant)
+  endif ()
+  set(WERROR_FLAG -Werror)
+endif ()
+
+if (MSVC)
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS /W3)
+  set(WERROR_FLAG /WX)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "Visual Studio")
+  # If Microsoft SDK is installed create script run-msbuild.bat that
+  # calls SetEnv.cmd to set up build environment and runs msbuild.
+  # It is useful when building Visual Studio projects with the SDK
+  # toolchain rather than Visual Studio.
+  include(FindSetEnv)
+  if (WINSDK_SETENV)
+    set(MSBUILD_SETUP "call \"${WINSDK_SETENV}\"")
+  endif ()
+  # Set FrameworkPathOverride to get rid of MSB3644 warnings.
+  join(netfxpath
+       "C:\\Program Files\\Reference Assemblies\\Microsoft\\Framework\\"
+       ".NETFramework\\v4.0")
+  file(WRITE run-msbuild.bat "
+    ${MSBUILD_SETUP}
+    ${CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM} -p:FrameworkPathOverride=\"${netfxpath}\" %*")
+endif ()
+
+set(strtod_l_headers stdlib.h)
+if (APPLE)
+  set(strtod_l_headers ${strtod_l_headers} xlocale.h)
+endif ()
+
+include(CheckSymbolExists)
+if (WIN32)
+  check_symbol_exists(_strtod_l "${strtod_l_headers}" HAVE_STRTOD_L)
+else ()
+  check_symbol_exists(strtod_l "${strtod_l_headers}" HAVE_STRTOD_L)
+endif ()
+
+function(add_headers VAR)
+  set(headers ${${VAR}})
+  foreach (header ${ARGN})
+    set(headers ${headers} include/fmt/${header})
+  endforeach()
+  set(${VAR} ${headers} PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+
+# Define the fmt library, its includes and the needed defines.
+add_headers(FMT_HEADERS args.h chrono.h color.h compile.h core.h format.h
+                        format-inl.h locale.h os.h ostream.h printf.h ranges.h
+                        xchar.h)
+if (FMT_MODULE)
+  set(FMT_SOURCES src/fmt.cc)
+elseif (FMT_OS)
+  set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc src/os.cc)
+else()
+  set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc)
+endif ()
+
+add_library(fmt ${FMT_SOURCES} ${FMT_HEADERS} README.rst ChangeLog.rst)
+add_library(fmt::fmt ALIAS fmt)
+
+if (HAVE_STRTOD_L)
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_LOCALE)
+endif ()
+
+if (MINGW)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag("Wa,-mbig-obj" FMT_HAS_MBIG_OBJ)
+  if (${FMT_HAS_MBIG_OBJ})
+    target_compile_options(fmt PUBLIC "-Wa,-mbig-obj")
+  endif()
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_WERROR)
+  target_compile_options(fmt PRIVATE ${WERROR_FLAG})
+endif ()
+if (FMT_PEDANTIC)
+  target_compile_options(fmt PRIVATE ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS})
+endif ()
+if (FMT_MODULE)
+  enable_module(fmt)
+endif ()
+
+target_compile_features(fmt INTERFACE ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES})
+
+target_include_directories(fmt PUBLIC
+  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
+  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${FMT_INC_DIR}>)
+
+set(FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX d CACHE STRING "Debug library postfix.")
+
+set_target_properties(fmt PROPERTIES
+  VERSION ${FMT_VERSION} SOVERSION ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR}
+  DEBUG_POSTFIX "${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX}")
+
+# Set FMT_LIB_NAME for pkg-config fmt.pc. We cannot use the OUTPUT_NAME target
+# property because it's not set by default.
+set(FMT_LIB_NAME fmt)
+if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+  set(FMT_LIB_NAME ${FMT_LIB_NAME}${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX})
+endif ()
+
+if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
+  if (UNIX AND NOT APPLE AND NOT ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "SunOS" AND
+      NOT EMSCRIPTEN)
+    # Fix rpmlint warning:
+    # unused-direct-shlib-dependency /usr/lib/libformat.so.1.1.0 /lib/libm.so.6.
+    target_link_libraries(fmt -Wl,--as-needed)
+  endif ()
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PRIVATE FMT_EXPORT INTERFACE FMT_SHARED)
+endif ()
+if (FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
+endif()
+
+add_library(fmt-header-only INTERFACE)
+add_library(fmt::fmt-header-only ALIAS fmt-header-only)
+
+target_compile_definitions(fmt-header-only INTERFACE FMT_HEADER_ONLY=1)
+target_compile_features(fmt-header-only INTERFACE ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES})
+
+target_include_directories(fmt-header-only INTERFACE
+  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
+  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${FMT_INC_DIR}>)
+
+# Install targets.
+if (FMT_INSTALL)
+  include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)
+  set_verbose(FMT_CMAKE_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/fmt CACHE STRING
+              "Installation directory for cmake files, a relative path that "
+              "will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute "
+              "path.")
+  set(version_config ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt-config-version.cmake)
+  set(project_config ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt-config.cmake)
+  set(pkgconfig ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt.pc)
+  set(targets_export_name fmt-targets)
+
+  set_verbose(FMT_LIB_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR} CACHE STRING
+              "Installation directory for libraries, a relative path that "
+              "will be joined to ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute path.")
+
+  set_verbose(FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/pkgconfig CACHE PATH
+              "Installation directory for pkgconfig (.pc) files, a relative "
+              "path that will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an "
+              "absolute path.")
+
+  # Generate the version, config and target files into the build directory.
+  write_basic_package_version_file(
+    ${version_config}
+    VERSION ${FMT_VERSION}
+    COMPATIBILITY AnyNewerVersion)
+
+  join_paths(libdir_for_pc_file "\${exec_prefix}" "${FMT_LIB_DIR}")
+  join_paths(includedir_for_pc_file "\${prefix}" "${FMT_INC_DIR}")
+
+  configure_file(
+    "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake/fmt.pc.in"
+    "${pkgconfig}"
+    @ONLY)
+  configure_package_config_file(
+    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
+    ${project_config}
+    INSTALL_DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR})
+
+  set(INSTALL_TARGETS fmt fmt-header-only)
+
+  # Install the library and headers.
+  install(TARGETS ${INSTALL_TARGETS} EXPORT ${targets_export_name}
+          LIBRARY DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR}
+          ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR}
+          RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
+
+  # Use a namespace because CMake provides better diagnostics for namespaced
+  # imported targets.
+  export(TARGETS ${INSTALL_TARGETS} NAMESPACE fmt::
+         FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${targets_export_name}.cmake)
+
+  # Install version, config and target files.
+  install(
+    FILES ${project_config} ${version_config}
+    DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR})
+  install(EXPORT ${targets_export_name} DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR}
+          NAMESPACE fmt::)
+
+  install(FILES $<TARGET_PDB_FILE:${INSTALL_TARGETS}>
+          DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR} OPTIONAL)
+  install(FILES ${FMT_HEADERS} DESTINATION "${FMT_INC_DIR}/fmt")
+  install(FILES "${pkgconfig}" DESTINATION "${FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR}")
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_DOC)
+  add_subdirectory(doc)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_TEST)
+  enable_testing()
+  add_subdirectory(test)
+endif ()
+
+# Control fuzzing independent of the unit tests.
+if (FMT_FUZZ)
+  add_subdirectory(test/fuzzing)
+
+  # The FMT_FUZZ macro is used to prevent resource exhaustion in fuzzing
+  # mode and make fuzzing practically possible. It is similar to
+  # FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION but uses a different name to
+  # avoid interfering with fuzzing of projects that use {fmt}.
+  # See also https://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html#fuzzer-friendly-build-mode.
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_FUZZ)
+endif ()
+
+set(gitignore ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/.gitignore)
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND EXISTS ${gitignore})
+  # Get the list of ignored files from .gitignore.
+  file (STRINGS ${gitignore} lines)
+  list(REMOVE_ITEM lines /doc/html)
+  foreach (line ${lines})
+    string(REPLACE "." "[.]" line "${line}")
+    string(REPLACE "*" ".*" line "${line}")
+    set(ignored_files ${ignored_files} "${line}$" "${line}/")
+  endforeach ()
+  set(ignored_files ${ignored_files}
+    /.git /breathe /format-benchmark sphinx/ .buildinfo .doctrees)
+
+  set(CPACK_SOURCE_GENERATOR ZIP)
+  set(CPACK_SOURCE_IGNORE_FILES ${ignored_files})
+  set(CPACK_SOURCE_PACKAGE_FILE_NAME fmt-${FMT_VERSION})
+  set(CPACK_PACKAGE_NAME fmt)
+  set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_README ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/README.rst)
+  include(CPack)
+endif ()
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Contributing to {fmt}
+=====================
+
+By submitting a pull request or a patch, you represent that you have the right
+to license your contribution to the {fmt} project owners and the community,
+agree that your contributions are licensed under the {fmt} license, and agree
+to future changes to the licensing.
+
+All C++ code must adhere to [Google C++ Style Guide](
+https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html) with the following
+exceptions:
+
+* Exceptions are permitted
+* snake_case should be used instead of UpperCamelCase for function and type
+  names
+
+All documentation must adhere to the [Google Developer Documentation Style
+Guide](https://developers.google.com/style).
+
+Thanks for contributing!
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+--- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+without including the above copyright and permission notices.
@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+{fmt}
+=====
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/linux/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Alinux
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/macos/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Amacos
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/windows/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Awindows
+
+.. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ehjkiefde6gucy1v
+   :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/vitaut/fmt
+
+.. image:: https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/fmt.svg
+   :alt: fmt is continuously fuzzed at oss-fuzz
+   :target: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?\
+            colspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20\
+            Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-fmt-blue.svg
+   :alt: Ask questions at StackOverflow with the tag fmt
+   :target: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt
+
+**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe
+alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams.
+
+If you like this project, please consider donating to the BYSOL
+Foundation that helps victims of political repressions in Belarus:
+https://bysol.org/en/bs/general/.
+
+`Documentation <https://fmt.dev>`__
+
+Q&A: ask questions on `StackOverflow with the tag fmt
+<https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt>`_.
+
+Try {fmt} in `Compiler Explorer <https://godbolt.org/z/Eq5763>`_.
+
+Features
+--------
+
+* Simple `format API <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html>`_ with positional arguments
+  for localization
+* Implementation of `C++20 std::format
+  <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format>`__
+* `Format string syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_ similar to Python's
+  `format <https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_
+* Fast IEEE 754 floating-point formatter with correct rounding, shortness and
+  round-trip guarantees
+* Safe `printf implementation
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including the POSIX
+  extension for positional arguments
+* Extensibility: `support for user-defined types
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_
+* High performance: faster than common standard library implementations of
+  ``(s)printf``, iostreams, ``to_string`` and ``to_chars``, see `Speed tests`_
+  and `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
+  <http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_
+* Small code size both in terms of source code with the minimum configuration
+  consisting of just three files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and ``format-inl.h``,
+  and compiled code; see `Compile time and code bloat`_
+* Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `tests
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test>`_ and is `continuously fuzzed
+  <https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?colspec=ID%20Type%20
+  Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1>`_
+* Safety: the library is fully type safe, errors in format strings can be
+  reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents buffer overflow
+  errors
+* Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies,
+  permissive MIT `license
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_
+* `Portability <https://fmt.dev/latest/index.html#portability>`_ with
+  consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers
+* Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels such as
+  ``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic``
+* Locale-independence by default
+* Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro
+
+See the `documentation <https://fmt.dev>`_ for more details.
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+**Print to stdout** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Tevcjh>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+    
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("Hello, world!\n");
+    }
+
+**Format a string** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/oK8h33>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    std::string s = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+    // s == "The answer is 42."
+
+**Format a string using positional arguments** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Yn7Txe>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    std::string s = fmt::format("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy");
+    // s == "I'd rather be happy than right."
+
+**Print chrono durations** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/K8s4Mc>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
+      fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);
+      fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
+    }
+
+Output::
+
+    Default format: 42s 100ms
+    strftime-like format: 03:15:30
+
+**Print a container** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/MjsY7c>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <vector>
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+      fmt::print("{}\n", v);
+    }
+
+Output::
+
+    [1, 2, 3]
+
+**Check a format string at compile time**
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "I am not a number");
+
+This gives a compile-time error because ``d`` is an invalid format specifier for
+a string.
+
+**Write a file from a single thread**
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <fmt/os.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
+      out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
+    }
+
+This can be `5 to 9 times faster than fprintf
+<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html>`_.
+
+**Print with colors and text styles**
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
+                 "Hello, {}!\n", "world");
+      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
+                 fmt::emphasis::underline, "Hello, {}!\n", "мир");
+      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
+                 "Hello, {}!\n", "世界");
+    }
+
+Output on a modern terminal:
+
+.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/
+           576385/88485597-d312f600-cf2b-11ea-9cbe-61f535a86e28.png
+
+Benchmarks
+----------
+
+Speed tests
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+================= ============= ===========
+Library           Method        Run Time, s
+================= ============= ===========
+libc              printf          1.04
+libc++            std::ostream    3.05
+{fmt} 6.1.1       fmt::print      0.75
+Boost Format 1.67 boost::format   7.24
+Folly Format      folly::format   2.23
+================= ============= ===========
+
+{fmt} is the fastest of the benchmarked methods, ~35% faster than ``printf``.
+
+The above results were generated by building ``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on macOS
+10.14.6 with ``clang++ -O3 -DNDEBUG -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the
+best of three runs. In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"``
+or equivalent is filled 2,000,000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
+further details refer to the `source
+<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/tinyformat_test.cpp>`_.
+
+{fmt} is up to 20-30x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` and ``sprintf`` on
+floating-point formatting (`dtoa-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_)
+and faster than `double-conversion <https://github.com/google/double-conversion>`_ and
+`ryu <https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu>`_:
+
+.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+           95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png
+   :target: https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang12.0.html
+
+Compile time and code bloat
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The script `bloat-test.py
+<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py>`_
+from `format-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_
+tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects.
+It generates 100 translation units and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative
+five times in each to simulate a medium sized project.  The resulting
+executable size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42),
+macOS Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables.
+
+**Optimized build (-O3)**
+
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+printf                    2.6                   29                 26
+printf+string            16.4                   29                 26
+iostreams                31.1                   59                 55
+{fmt}                    19.0                   37                 34
+Boost Format             91.9                  226                203
+Folly Format            115.7                  101                 88
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+
+As you can see, {fmt} has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary code
+size compared to iostreams and comes pretty close to ``printf``. Boost Format
+and Folly Format have the largest overheads.
+
+``printf+string`` is the same as ``printf`` but with extra ``<string>``
+include to measure the overhead of the latter.
+
+**Non-optimized build**
+
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+printf                    2.2                   33                 30
+printf+string            16.0                   33                 30
+iostreams                28.3                   56                 52
+{fmt}                    18.2                   59                 50
+Boost Format             54.1                  365                303
+Folly Format             79.9                  445                430
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+
+``libc``, ``lib(std)c++`` and ``libfmt`` are all linked as shared libraries to
+compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format is a
+header-only library so it doesn't provide any linkage options.
+
+Running the tests
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Please refer to `Building the library`__ for the instructions on how to build
+the library and run the unit tests.
+
+__ https://fmt.dev/latest/usage.html#building-the-library
+
+Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
+`format-benchmarks <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_,
+so to run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and
+generate Makefiles with CMake::
+
+    $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
+    $ cd format-benchmark
+    $ cmake .
+
+Then you can run the speed test::
+
+    $ make speed-test
+
+or the bloat test::
+
+    $ make bloat-test
+    
+Migrating code
+--------------
+
+`clang-tidy-fmt <https://github.com/mikecrowe/clang-tidy-fmt>`_ provides clang
+tidy checks for converting occurrences of ``printf`` and ``fprintf`` to
+``fmt::print``.
+
+Projects using this library
+---------------------------
+
+* `0 A.D. <https://play0ad.com/>`_: a free, open-source, cross-platform
+  real-time strategy game
+
+* `2GIS <https://2gis.ru/>`_: free business listings with a city map
+
+* `AMPL/MP <https://github.com/ampl/mp>`_:
+  an open-source library for mathematical programming
+
+* `Aseprite <https://github.com/aseprite/aseprite>`_:
+  animated sprite editor & pixel art tool 
+
+* `AvioBook <https://www.aviobook.aero/en>`_: a comprehensive aircraft
+  operations suite
+  
+* `Blizzard Battle.net <https://battle.net/>`_: an online gaming platform
+  
+* `Celestia <https://celestia.space/>`_: real-time 3D visualization of space
+
+* `Ceph <https://ceph.com/>`_: a scalable distributed storage system
+
+* `ccache <https://ccache.dev/>`_: a compiler cache
+
+* `ClickHouse <https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse>`_: analytical database
+  management system
+
+* `CUAUV <https://cuauv.org/>`_: Cornell University's autonomous underwater
+  vehicle
+
+* `Drake <https://drake.mit.edu/>`_: a planning, control, and analysis toolbox
+  for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT)
+
+* `Envoy <https://lyft.github.io/envoy/>`_: C++ L7 proxy and communication bus
+  (Lyft)
+
+* `FiveM <https://fivem.net/>`_: a modification framework for GTA V
+
+* `fmtlog <https://github.com/MengRao/fmtlog>`_: a performant fmtlib-style
+  logging library with latency in nanoseconds
+
+* `Folly <https://github.com/facebook/folly>`_: Facebook open-source library
+
+* `HarpyWar/pvpgn <https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server>`_:
+  Player vs Player Gaming Network with tweaks
+
+* `KBEngine <https://github.com/kbengine/kbengine>`_: an open-source MMOG server
+  engine
+
+* `Keypirinha <https://keypirinha.com/>`_: a semantic launcher for Windows
+
+* `Kodi <https://kodi.tv/>`_ (formerly xbmc): home theater software
+
+* `Knuth <https://kth.cash/>`_: high-performance Bitcoin full-node
+
+* `Microsoft Verona <https://github.com/microsoft/verona>`_:
+  research programming language for concurrent ownership
+
+* `MongoDB <https://mongodb.com/>`_: distributed document database
+
+* `MongoDB Smasher <https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher>`_: a small tool to
+  generate randomized datasets
+
+* `OpenSpace <https://openspaceproject.com/>`_: an open-source
+  astrovisualization framework
+
+* `PenUltima Online (POL) <https://www.polserver.com/>`_:
+  an MMO server, compatible with most Ultima Online clients
+
+* `PyTorch <https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch>`_: an open-source machine
+  learning library
+
+* `quasardb <https://www.quasardb.net/>`_: a distributed, high-performance,
+  associative database
+  
+* `Quill <https://github.com/odygrd/quill>`_: asynchronous low-latency logging library
+
+* `QKW <https://github.com/ravijanjam/qkw>`_: generalizing aliasing to simplify
+  navigation, and executing complex multi-line terminal command sequences
+
+* `redis-cerberus <https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus>`_: a Redis cluster
+  proxy
+
+* `redpanda <https://vectorized.io/redpanda>`_: a 10x faster Kafka® replacement
+  for mission critical systems written in C++
+
+* `rpclib <http://rpclib.net/>`_: a modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and client
+  library
+
+* `Salesforce Analytics Cloud
+  <https://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/>`_:
+  business intelligence software
+
+* `Scylla <https://www.scylladb.com/>`_: a Cassandra-compatible NoSQL data store
+  that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a single server
+
+* `Seastar <http://www.seastar-project.org/>`_: an advanced, open-source C++
+  framework for high-performance server applications on modern hardware
+
+* `spdlog <https://github.com/gabime/spdlog>`_: super fast C++ logging library
+
+* `Stellar <https://www.stellar.org/>`_: financial platform
+
+* `Touch Surgery <https://www.touchsurgery.com/>`_: surgery simulator
+
+* `TrinityCore <https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore>`_: open-source
+  MMORPG framework
+
+* `Windows Terminal <https://github.com/microsoft/terminal>`_: the new Windows
+  terminal
+
+`More... <https://github.com/search?q=fmtlib&type=Code>`_
+
+If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me know
+by `email <mailto:victor.zverovich@gmail.com>`_ or by submitting an
+`issue <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues>`_.
+
+Motivation
+----------
+
+So why yet another formatting library?
+
+There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
+the printf family of function and iostreams to Boost Format and FastFormat
+libraries. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing
+solution that I found either had serious issues or didn't provide
+all the features I needed.
+
+printf
+~~~~~~
+
+The good thing about ``printf`` is that it is pretty fast and readily available
+being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it
+doesn't support user-defined types. ``printf`` also has safety issues although
+they are somewhat mitigated with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
+<https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`_ in GCC.
+There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for
+`i18n <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization>`_
+to ``printf`` but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
+platforms.
+
+iostreams
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+The main issue with iostreams is best illustrated with an example:
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n";
+
+which is a lot of typing compared to printf:
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);
+
+Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, called this "chevron hell". iostreams
+don't support positional arguments by design.
+
+The good part is that iostreams support user-defined types and are safe although
+error handling is awkward.
+
+Boost Format
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is a very powerful library which supports both ``printf``-like format
+strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance. According to
+various, benchmarks it is much slower than other methods considered here. Boost
+Format also has excessive build times and severe code bloat issues (see
+`Benchmarks`_).
+
+FastFormat
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is an interesting library which is fast, safe and has positional arguments.
+However, it has significant limitations, citing its author:
+
+    Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
+    current design are:
+
+    * Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding)
+    * Octal/hexadecimal encoding
+    * Runtime width/alignment specification
+
+It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be too
+restrictive for using it in some projects.
+
+Boost Spirit.Karma
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is not really a formatting library but I decided to include it here for
+completeness. As iostreams, it suffers from the problem of mixing verbatim text
+with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower on integer formatting
+than ``fmt::format_to`` with format string compilation on Karma's own benchmark,
+see `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
+<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_.
+
+License
+-------
+
+{fmt} is distributed under the MIT `license
+<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_.
+
+Documentation License
+---------------------
+
+The `Format String Syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_
+section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module
+documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string>`_.
+For this reason the documentation is distributed under the Python Software
+Foundation license available in `doc/python-license.txt
+<https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt>`_.
+It only applies if you distribute the documentation of {fmt}.
+
+Maintainers
+-----------
+
+The {fmt} library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut
+<https://github.com/vitaut>`_) and Jonathan Müller (`foonathan
+<https://github.com/foonathan>`_) with contributions from many other people.
+See `Contributors <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors>`_ and
+`Releases <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`_ for some of the names.
+Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned incorrectly and
+we'll make it right.
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - dynamic format arguments
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_ARGS_H_
+#define FMT_ARGS_H_
+
+#include <functional>  // std::reference_wrapper
+#include <memory>      // std::unique_ptr
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "core.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T> struct is_reference_wrapper : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_reference_wrapper<std::reference_wrapper<T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T> const T& unwrap(const T& v) { return v; }
+template <typename T> const T& unwrap(const std::reference_wrapper<T>& v) {
+  return static_cast<const T&>(v);
+}
+
+class dynamic_arg_list {
+  // Workaround for clang's -Wweak-vtables. Unlike for regular classes, for
+  // templates it doesn't complain about inability to deduce single translation
+  // unit for placing vtable. So storage_node_base is made a fake template.
+  template <typename = void> struct node {
+    virtual ~node() = default;
+    std::unique_ptr<node<>> next;
+  };
+
+  template <typename T> struct typed_node : node<> {
+    T value;
+
+    template <typename Arg>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR typed_node(const Arg& arg) : value(arg) {}
+
+    template <typename Char>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR typed_node(const basic_string_view<Char>& arg)
+        : value(arg.data(), arg.size()) {}
+  };
+
+  std::unique_ptr<node<>> head_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename T, typename Arg> const T& push(const Arg& arg) {
+    auto new_node = std::unique_ptr<typed_node<T>>(new typed_node<T>(arg));
+    auto& value = new_node->value;
+    new_node->next = std::move(head_);
+    head_ = std::move(new_node);
+    return value;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A dynamic version of `fmt::format_arg_store`.
+  It's equipped with a storage to potentially temporary objects which lifetimes
+  could be shorter than the format arguments object.
+
+  It can be implicitly converted into `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing
+  into type-erased formatting functions such as `~fmt::vformat`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context>
+class dynamic_format_arg_store
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
+    : public basic_format_args<Context>
+#endif
+{
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T> struct need_copy {
+    static constexpr detail::type mapped_type =
+        detail::mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+
+    enum {
+      value = !(detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value ||
+                std::is_same<T, basic_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
+                std::is_same<T, detail::std_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
+                (mapped_type != detail::type::cstring_type &&
+                 mapped_type != detail::type::string_type &&
+                 mapped_type != detail::type::custom_type))
+    };
+  };
+
+  template <typename T>
+  using stored_type = conditional_t<detail::is_string<T>::value &&
+                                        !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
+                                        !detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value,
+                                    std::basic_string<char_type>, T>;
+
+  // Storage of basic_format_arg must be contiguous.
+  std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>> data_;
+  std::vector<detail::named_arg_info<char_type>> named_info_;
+
+  // Storage of arguments not fitting into basic_format_arg must grow
+  // without relocation because items in data_ refer to it.
+  detail::dynamic_arg_list dynamic_args_;
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+
+  unsigned long long get_types() const {
+    return detail::is_unpacked_bit | data_.size() |
+           (named_info_.empty()
+                ? 0ULL
+                : static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit));
+  }
+
+  const basic_format_arg<Context>* data() const {
+    return named_info_.empty() ? data_.data() : data_.data() + 1;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T> void emplace_arg(const T& arg) {
+    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(arg));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void emplace_arg(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
+    if (named_info_.empty()) {
+      constexpr const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* zero_ptr{nullptr};
+      data_.insert(data_.begin(), {zero_ptr, 0});
+    }
+    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(detail::unwrap(arg.value)));
+    auto pop_one = [](std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>* data) {
+      data->pop_back();
+    };
+    std::unique_ptr<std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>, decltype(pop_one)>
+        guard{&data_, pop_one};
+    named_info_.push_back({arg.name, static_cast<int>(data_.size() - 2u)});
+    data_[0].value_.named_args = {named_info_.data(), named_info_.size()};
+    guard.release();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Adds an argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
+    function.
+
+    Note that custom types and string types (but not string views) are copied
+    into the store dynamically allocating memory if necessary.
+
+    **Example**::
+
+      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+      store.push_back(42);
+      store.push_back("abc");
+      store.push_back(1.5f);
+      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{} and {} and {}", store);
+    \endrst
+  */
+  template <typename T> void push_back(const T& arg) {
+    if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value))
+      emplace_arg(dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg));
+    else
+      emplace_arg(detail::unwrap(arg));
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Adds a reference to the argument into the dynamic store for later passing to
+    a formatting function.
+
+    **Example**::
+
+      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+      char band[] = "Rolling Stones";
+      store.push_back(std::cref(band));
+      band[9] = 'c'; // Changing str affects the output.
+      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{}", store);
+      // result == "Rolling Scones"
+    \endrst
+  */
+  template <typename T> void push_back(std::reference_wrapper<T> arg) {
+    static_assert(
+        need_copy<T>::value,
+        "objects of built-in types and string views are always copied");
+    emplace_arg(arg.get());
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Adds named argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
+    function. ``std::reference_wrapper`` is supported to avoid copying of the
+    argument. The name is always copied into the store.
+  */
+  template <typename T>
+  void push_back(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
+    const char_type* arg_name =
+        dynamic_args_.push<std::basic_string<char_type>>(arg.name).c_str();
+    if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value)) {
+      emplace_arg(
+          fmt::arg(arg_name, dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg.value)));
+    } else {
+      emplace_arg(fmt::arg(arg_name, arg.value));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Erase all elements from the store */
+  void clear() {
+    data_.clear();
+    named_info_.clear();
+    dynamic_args_ = detail::dynamic_arg_list();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Reserves space to store at least *new_cap* arguments including
+    *new_cap_named* named arguments.
+    \endrst
+  */
+  void reserve(size_t new_cap, size_t new_cap_named) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(new_cap >= new_cap_named,
+               "Set of arguments includes set of named arguments");
+    data_.reserve(new_cap);
+    named_info_.reserve(new_cap_named);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_ARGS_H_
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - color support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2018 - present, Victor Zverovich and fmt contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_COLOR_H_
+#define FMT_COLOR_H_
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+// __declspec(deprecated) is broken in some MSVC versions.
+#if FMT_MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_DEPRECATED_NONMSVC
+#else
+#  define FMT_DEPRECATED_NONMSVC FMT_DEPRECATED
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+enum class color : uint32_t {
+  alice_blue = 0xF0F8FF,               // rgb(240,248,255)
+  antique_white = 0xFAEBD7,            // rgb(250,235,215)
+  aqua = 0x00FFFF,                     // rgb(0,255,255)
+  aquamarine = 0x7FFFD4,               // rgb(127,255,212)
+  azure = 0xF0FFFF,                    // rgb(240,255,255)
+  beige = 0xF5F5DC,                    // rgb(245,245,220)
+  bisque = 0xFFE4C4,                   // rgb(255,228,196)
+  black = 0x000000,                    // rgb(0,0,0)
+  blanched_almond = 0xFFEBCD,          // rgb(255,235,205)
+  blue = 0x0000FF,                     // rgb(0,0,255)
+  blue_violet = 0x8A2BE2,              // rgb(138,43,226)
+  brown = 0xA52A2A,                    // rgb(165,42,42)
+  burly_wood = 0xDEB887,               // rgb(222,184,135)
+  cadet_blue = 0x5F9EA0,               // rgb(95,158,160)
+  chartreuse = 0x7FFF00,               // rgb(127,255,0)
+  chocolate = 0xD2691E,                // rgb(210,105,30)
+  coral = 0xFF7F50,                    // rgb(255,127,80)
+  cornflower_blue = 0x6495ED,          // rgb(100,149,237)
+  cornsilk = 0xFFF8DC,                 // rgb(255,248,220)
+  crimson = 0xDC143C,                  // rgb(220,20,60)
+  cyan = 0x00FFFF,                     // rgb(0,255,255)
+  dark_blue = 0x00008B,                // rgb(0,0,139)
+  dark_cyan = 0x008B8B,                // rgb(0,139,139)
+  dark_golden_rod = 0xB8860B,          // rgb(184,134,11)
+  dark_gray = 0xA9A9A9,                // rgb(169,169,169)
+  dark_green = 0x006400,               // rgb(0,100,0)
+  dark_khaki = 0xBDB76B,               // rgb(189,183,107)
+  dark_magenta = 0x8B008B,             // rgb(139,0,139)
+  dark_olive_green = 0x556B2F,         // rgb(85,107,47)
+  dark_orange = 0xFF8C00,              // rgb(255,140,0)
+  dark_orchid = 0x9932CC,              // rgb(153,50,204)
+  dark_red = 0x8B0000,                 // rgb(139,0,0)
+  dark_salmon = 0xE9967A,              // rgb(233,150,122)
+  dark_sea_green = 0x8FBC8F,           // rgb(143,188,143)
+  dark_slate_blue = 0x483D8B,          // rgb(72,61,139)
+  dark_slate_gray = 0x2F4F4F,          // rgb(47,79,79)
+  dark_turquoise = 0x00CED1,           // rgb(0,206,209)
+  dark_violet = 0x9400D3,              // rgb(148,0,211)
+  deep_pink = 0xFF1493,                // rgb(255,20,147)
+  deep_sky_blue = 0x00BFFF,            // rgb(0,191,255)
+  dim_gray = 0x696969,                 // rgb(105,105,105)
+  dodger_blue = 0x1E90FF,              // rgb(30,144,255)
+  fire_brick = 0xB22222,               // rgb(178,34,34)
+  floral_white = 0xFFFAF0,             // rgb(255,250,240)
+  forest_green = 0x228B22,             // rgb(34,139,34)
+  fuchsia = 0xFF00FF,                  // rgb(255,0,255)
+  gainsboro = 0xDCDCDC,                // rgb(220,220,220)
+  ghost_white = 0xF8F8FF,              // rgb(248,248,255)
+  gold = 0xFFD700,                     // rgb(255,215,0)
+  golden_rod = 0xDAA520,               // rgb(218,165,32)
+  gray = 0x808080,                     // rgb(128,128,128)
+  green = 0x008000,                    // rgb(0,128,0)
+  green_yellow = 0xADFF2F,             // rgb(173,255,47)
+  honey_dew = 0xF0FFF0,                // rgb(240,255,240)
+  hot_pink = 0xFF69B4,                 // rgb(255,105,180)
+  indian_red = 0xCD5C5C,               // rgb(205,92,92)
+  indigo = 0x4B0082,                   // rgb(75,0,130)
+  ivory = 0xFFFFF0,                    // rgb(255,255,240)
+  khaki = 0xF0E68C,                    // rgb(240,230,140)
+  lavender = 0xE6E6FA,                 // rgb(230,230,250)
+  lavender_blush = 0xFFF0F5,           // rgb(255,240,245)
+  lawn_green = 0x7CFC00,               // rgb(124,252,0)
+  lemon_chiffon = 0xFFFACD,            // rgb(255,250,205)
+  light_blue = 0xADD8E6,               // rgb(173,216,230)
+  light_coral = 0xF08080,              // rgb(240,128,128)
+  light_cyan = 0xE0FFFF,               // rgb(224,255,255)
+  light_golden_rod_yellow = 0xFAFAD2,  // rgb(250,250,210)
+  light_gray = 0xD3D3D3,               // rgb(211,211,211)
+  light_green = 0x90EE90,              // rgb(144,238,144)
+  light_pink = 0xFFB6C1,               // rgb(255,182,193)
+  light_salmon = 0xFFA07A,             // rgb(255,160,122)
+  light_sea_green = 0x20B2AA,          // rgb(32,178,170)
+  light_sky_blue = 0x87CEFA,           // rgb(135,206,250)
+  light_slate_gray = 0x778899,         // rgb(119,136,153)
+  light_steel_blue = 0xB0C4DE,         // rgb(176,196,222)
+  light_yellow = 0xFFFFE0,             // rgb(255,255,224)
+  lime = 0x00FF00,                     // rgb(0,255,0)
+  lime_green = 0x32CD32,               // rgb(50,205,50)
+  linen = 0xFAF0E6,                    // rgb(250,240,230)
+  magenta = 0xFF00FF,                  // rgb(255,0,255)
+  maroon = 0x800000,                   // rgb(128,0,0)
+  medium_aquamarine = 0x66CDAA,        // rgb(102,205,170)
+  medium_blue = 0x0000CD,              // rgb(0,0,205)
+  medium_orchid = 0xBA55D3,            // rgb(186,85,211)
+  medium_purple = 0x9370DB,            // rgb(147,112,219)
+  medium_sea_green = 0x3CB371,         // rgb(60,179,113)
+  medium_slate_blue = 0x7B68EE,        // rgb(123,104,238)
+  medium_spring_green = 0x00FA9A,      // rgb(0,250,154)
+  medium_turquoise = 0x48D1CC,         // rgb(72,209,204)
+  medium_violet_red = 0xC71585,        // rgb(199,21,133)
+  midnight_blue = 0x191970,            // rgb(25,25,112)
+  mint_cream = 0xF5FFFA,               // rgb(245,255,250)
+  misty_rose = 0xFFE4E1,               // rgb(255,228,225)
+  moccasin = 0xFFE4B5,                 // rgb(255,228,181)
+  navajo_white = 0xFFDEAD,             // rgb(255,222,173)
+  navy = 0x000080,                     // rgb(0,0,128)
+  old_lace = 0xFDF5E6,                 // rgb(253,245,230)
+  olive = 0x808000,                    // rgb(128,128,0)
+  olive_drab = 0x6B8E23,               // rgb(107,142,35)
+  orange = 0xFFA500,                   // rgb(255,165,0)
+  orange_red = 0xFF4500,               // rgb(255,69,0)
+  orchid = 0xDA70D6,                   // rgb(218,112,214)
+  pale_golden_rod = 0xEEE8AA,          // rgb(238,232,170)
+  pale_green = 0x98FB98,               // rgb(152,251,152)
+  pale_turquoise = 0xAFEEEE,           // rgb(175,238,238)
+  pale_violet_red = 0xDB7093,          // rgb(219,112,147)
+  papaya_whip = 0xFFEFD5,              // rgb(255,239,213)
+  peach_puff = 0xFFDAB9,               // rgb(255,218,185)
+  peru = 0xCD853F,                     // rgb(205,133,63)
+  pink = 0xFFC0CB,                     // rgb(255,192,203)
+  plum = 0xDDA0DD,                     // rgb(221,160,221)
+  powder_blue = 0xB0E0E6,              // rgb(176,224,230)
+  purple = 0x800080,                   // rgb(128,0,128)
+  rebecca_purple = 0x663399,           // rgb(102,51,153)
+  red = 0xFF0000,                      // rgb(255,0,0)
+  rosy_brown = 0xBC8F8F,               // rgb(188,143,143)
+  royal_blue = 0x4169E1,               // rgb(65,105,225)
+  saddle_brown = 0x8B4513,             // rgb(139,69,19)
+  salmon = 0xFA8072,                   // rgb(250,128,114)
+  sandy_brown = 0xF4A460,              // rgb(244,164,96)
+  sea_green = 0x2E8B57,                // rgb(46,139,87)
+  sea_shell = 0xFFF5EE,                // rgb(255,245,238)
+  sienna = 0xA0522D,                   // rgb(160,82,45)
+  silver = 0xC0C0C0,                   // rgb(192,192,192)
+  sky_blue = 0x87CEEB,                 // rgb(135,206,235)
+  slate_blue = 0x6A5ACD,               // rgb(106,90,205)
+  slate_gray = 0x708090,               // rgb(112,128,144)
+  snow = 0xFFFAFA,                     // rgb(255,250,250)
+  spring_green = 0x00FF7F,             // rgb(0,255,127)
+  steel_blue = 0x4682B4,               // rgb(70,130,180)
+  tan = 0xD2B48C,                      // rgb(210,180,140)
+  teal = 0x008080,                     // rgb(0,128,128)
+  thistle = 0xD8BFD8,                  // rgb(216,191,216)
+  tomato = 0xFF6347,                   // rgb(255,99,71)
+  turquoise = 0x40E0D0,                // rgb(64,224,208)
+  violet = 0xEE82EE,                   // rgb(238,130,238)
+  wheat = 0xF5DEB3,                    // rgb(245,222,179)
+  white = 0xFFFFFF,                    // rgb(255,255,255)
+  white_smoke = 0xF5F5F5,              // rgb(245,245,245)
+  yellow = 0xFFFF00,                   // rgb(255,255,0)
+  yellow_green = 0x9ACD32              // rgb(154,205,50)
+};                                     // enum class color
+
+enum class terminal_color : uint8_t {
+  black = 30,
+  red,
+  green,
+  yellow,
+  blue,
+  magenta,
+  cyan,
+  white,
+  bright_black = 90,
+  bright_red,
+  bright_green,
+  bright_yellow,
+  bright_blue,
+  bright_magenta,
+  bright_cyan,
+  bright_white
+};
+
+enum class emphasis : uint8_t {
+  bold = 1,
+  italic = 1 << 1,
+  underline = 1 << 2,
+  strikethrough = 1 << 3
+};
+
+// rgb is a struct for red, green and blue colors.
+// Using the name "rgb" makes some editors show the color in a tooltip.
+struct rgb {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb() : r(0), g(0), b(0) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint8_t r_, uint8_t g_, uint8_t b_) : r(r_), g(g_), b(b_) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint32_t hex)
+      : r((hex >> 16) & 0xFF), g((hex >> 8) & 0xFF), b(hex & 0xFF) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(color hex)
+      : r((uint32_t(hex) >> 16) & 0xFF),
+        g((uint32_t(hex) >> 8) & 0xFF),
+        b(uint32_t(hex) & 0xFF) {}
+  uint8_t r;
+  uint8_t g;
+  uint8_t b;
+};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// color is a struct of either a rgb color or a terminal color.
+struct color_type {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type() FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(), value{} {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(color rgb_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(true),
+                                                           value{} {
+    value.rgb_color = static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(rgb rgb_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(true), value{} {
+    value.rgb_color = (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.r) << 16) |
+                      (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.g) << 8) | rgb_color.b;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(terminal_color term_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(),
+                                                                     value{} {
+    value.term_color = static_cast<uint8_t>(term_color);
+  }
+  bool is_rgb;
+  union color_union {
+    uint8_t term_color;
+    uint32_t rgb_color;
+  } value;
+};
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+/** A text style consisting of foreground and background colors and emphasis. */
+class text_style {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(emphasis em = emphasis()) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : set_foreground_color(),
+        set_background_color(),
+        ems(em) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style& operator|=(const text_style& rhs) {
+    if (!set_foreground_color) {
+      set_foreground_color = rhs.set_foreground_color;
+      foreground_color = rhs.foreground_color;
+    } else if (rhs.set_foreground_color) {
+      if (!foreground_color.is_rgb || !rhs.foreground_color.is_rgb)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
+      foreground_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.foreground_color.value.rgb_color;
+    }
+
+    if (!set_background_color) {
+      set_background_color = rhs.set_background_color;
+      background_color = rhs.background_color;
+    } else if (rhs.set_background_color) {
+      if (!background_color.is_rgb || !rhs.background_color.is_rgb)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
+      background_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.background_color.value.rgb_color;
+    }
+
+    ems = static_cast<emphasis>(static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) |
+                                static_cast<uint8_t>(rhs.ems));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style operator|(text_style lhs,
+                                            const text_style& rhs) {
+    return lhs |= rhs;
+  }
+
+  FMT_DEPRECATED_NONMSVC FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style& operator&=(
+      const text_style& rhs) {
+    return and_assign(rhs);
+  }
+
+  FMT_DEPRECATED_NONMSVC friend FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style
+  operator&(text_style lhs, const text_style& rhs) {
+    return lhs.and_assign(rhs);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_foreground() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return set_foreground_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_background() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return set_background_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_emphasis() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) != 0;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR detail::color_type get_foreground() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    FMT_ASSERT(has_foreground(), "no foreground specified for this style");
+    return foreground_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR detail::color_type get_background() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    FMT_ASSERT(has_background(), "no background specified for this style");
+    return background_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR emphasis get_emphasis() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    FMT_ASSERT(has_emphasis(), "no emphasis specified for this style");
+    return ems;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(bool is_foreground,
+                           detail::color_type text_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : set_foreground_color(),
+        set_background_color(),
+        ems() {
+    if (is_foreground) {
+      foreground_color = text_color;
+      set_foreground_color = true;
+    } else {
+      background_color = text_color;
+      set_background_color = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // DEPRECATED!
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style& and_assign(const text_style& rhs) {
+    if (!set_foreground_color) {
+      set_foreground_color = rhs.set_foreground_color;
+      foreground_color = rhs.foreground_color;
+    } else if (rhs.set_foreground_color) {
+      if (!foreground_color.is_rgb || !rhs.foreground_color.is_rgb)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't AND a terminal color"));
+      foreground_color.value.rgb_color &= rhs.foreground_color.value.rgb_color;
+    }
+
+    if (!set_background_color) {
+      set_background_color = rhs.set_background_color;
+      background_color = rhs.background_color;
+    } else if (rhs.set_background_color) {
+      if (!background_color.is_rgb || !rhs.background_color.is_rgb)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't AND a terminal color"));
+      background_color.value.rgb_color &= rhs.background_color.value.rgb_color;
+    }
+
+    ems = static_cast<emphasis>(static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) &
+                                static_cast<uint8_t>(rhs.ems));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL text_style fg(detail::color_type foreground)
+      FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL text_style bg(detail::color_type background)
+      FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+  detail::color_type foreground_color;
+  detail::color_type background_color;
+  bool set_foreground_color;
+  bool set_background_color;
+  emphasis ems;
+};
+
+/** Creates a text style from the foreground (text) color. */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline text_style fg(detail::color_type foreground) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return text_style(true, foreground);
+}
+
+/** Creates a text style from the background color. */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline text_style bg(detail::color_type background) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return text_style(false, background);
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline text_style operator|(emphasis lhs,
+                                          emphasis rhs) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return text_style(lhs) | rhs;
+}
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char> struct ansi_color_escape {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(detail::color_type text_color,
+                                  const char* esc) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    // If we have a terminal color, we need to output another escape code
+    // sequence.
+    if (!text_color.is_rgb) {
+      bool is_background = esc == string_view("\x1b[48;2;");
+      uint32_t value = text_color.value.term_color;
+      // Background ASCII codes are the same as the foreground ones but with
+      // 10 more.
+      if (is_background) value += 10u;
+
+      size_t index = 0;
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
+
+      if (value >= 100u) {
+        buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('1');
+        value %= 100u;
+      }
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value / 10u);
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value % 10u);
+
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('m');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\0');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
+      buffer[i] = static_cast<Char>(esc[i]);
+    }
+    rgb color(text_color.value.rgb_color);
+    to_esc(color.r, buffer + 7, ';');
+    to_esc(color.g, buffer + 11, ';');
+    to_esc(color.b, buffer + 15, 'm');
+    buffer[19] = static_cast<Char>(0);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(emphasis em) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    uint8_t em_codes[4] = {};
+    uint8_t em_bits = static_cast<uint8_t>(em);
+    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::bold)) em_codes[0] = 1;
+    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::italic)) em_codes[1] = 3;
+    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::underline)) em_codes[2] = 4;
+    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::strikethrough))
+      em_codes[3] = 9;
+
+    size_t index = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+      if (!em_codes[i]) continue;
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + em_codes[i]);
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('m');
+    }
+    buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>(0);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR operator const Char*() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return buffer; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* begin() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return buffer; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS const Char* end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return buffer + std::char_traits<Char>::length(buffer);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Char buffer[7u + 3u * 4u + 1u];
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR void to_esc(uint8_t c, Char* out,
+                                   char delimiter) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    out[0] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 100);
+    out[1] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 10 % 10);
+    out[2] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c % 10);
+    out[3] = static_cast<Char>(delimiter);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_foreground_color(
+    detail::color_type foreground) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(foreground, "\x1b[38;2;");
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_background_color(
+    detail::color_type background) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(background, "\x1b[48;2;");
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_emphasis(emphasis em) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(em);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline void fputs(const Char* chars, FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  std::fputs(chars, stream);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline void fputs<wchar_t>(const wchar_t* chars, FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  std::fputws(chars, stream);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> inline void reset_color(FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  fputs("\x1b[0m", stream);
+}
+
+template <> inline void reset_color<wchar_t>(FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  fputs(L"\x1b[0m", stream);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline void reset_color(buffer<Char>& buffer) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  auto reset_color = string_view("\x1b[0m");
+  buffer.append(reset_color.begin(), reset_color.end());
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, const text_style& ts,
+                basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  bool has_style = false;
+  if (ts.has_emphasis()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    auto emphasis = detail::make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis());
+    buf.append(emphasis.begin(), emphasis.end());
+  }
+  if (ts.has_foreground()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    auto foreground = detail::make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground());
+    buf.append(foreground.begin(), foreground.end());
+  }
+  if (ts.has_background()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    auto background = detail::make_background_color<Char>(ts.get_background());
+    buf.append(background.begin(), background.end());
+  }
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, format_str, args);
+  if (has_style) detail::reset_color<Char>(buf);
+}
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+void vprint(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, const S& format,
+            basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, to_string_view(format), args);
+  buf.push_back(Char(0));
+  detail::fputs(buf.data(), f);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats a string and prints it to the specified file stream using ANSI
+  escape sequences to specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+               "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
+void print(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+           const Args&... args) {
+  vprint(f, ts, format_str,
+         fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats a string and prints it to stdout using ANSI escape sequences to
+  specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+               "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
+void print(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  return print(stdout, ts, format_str, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
+    const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+  return fmt::to_string(buf);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string using ANSI
+  escape sequences to specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+    std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+                                      "The answer is {}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+                                      const Args&... args) {
+  return fmt::vformat(ts, to_string_view(format_str),
+                      fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  Formats a string with the given text_style and writes the output to ``out``.
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value)>
+OutputIt vformat_to(
+    OutputIt out, const text_style& ts, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, format_str, args);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments with the given text_style, writes the result to the output
+  iterator ``out`` and returns the iterator past the end of the output range.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::vector<char> out;
+    fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out),
+                   fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red), "{}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          bool enable = detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char_t<S>>::value&&
+              detail::is_string<S>::value>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+                      Args&&... args) ->
+    typename std::enable_if<enable, OutputIt>::type {
+  return vformat_to(out, ts, to_string_view(format_str),
+                    fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_COLOR_H_
@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - experimental format string compilation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and fmt contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_COMPILE_H_
+#define FMT_COMPILE_H_
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+// An output iterator that counts the number of objects written to it and
+// discards them.
+class counting_iterator {
+ private:
+  size_t count_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+  using _Unchecked_type = counting_iterator;  // Mark iterator as checked.
+
+  struct value_type {
+    template <typename T> void operator=(const T&) {}
+  };
+
+  counting_iterator() : count_(0) {}
+
+  size_t count() const { return count_; }
+
+  counting_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++count_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  counting_iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  friend counting_iterator operator+(counting_iterator it, difference_type n) {
+    it.count_ += static_cast<size_t>(n);
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  value_type operator*() const { return {}; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt>
+inline counting_iterator copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
+                                  counting_iterator it) {
+  return it + (end - begin);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt> class truncating_iterator_base {
+ protected:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  size_t limit_;
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+
+  truncating_iterator_base() : out_(), limit_(0) {}
+
+  truncating_iterator_base(OutputIt out, size_t limit)
+      : out_(out), limit_(limit) {}
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+  using _Unchecked_type =
+      truncating_iterator_base;  // Mark iterator as checked.
+
+  OutputIt base() const { return out_; }
+  size_t count() const { return count_; }
+};
+
+// An output iterator that truncates the output and counts the number of objects
+// written to it.
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          typename Enable = typename std::is_void<
+              typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type>::type>
+class truncating_iterator;
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::false_type>
+    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
+  mutable typename truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>::value_type blackhole_;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = typename truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>::value_type;
+
+  truncating_iterator() = default;
+
+  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, size_t limit)
+      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
+
+  truncating_iterator& operator++() {
+    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) ++this->out_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  truncating_iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  value_type& operator*() const {
+    return this->count_ < this->limit_ ? *this->out_ : blackhole_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::true_type>
+    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
+ public:
+  truncating_iterator() = default;
+
+  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, size_t limit)
+      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
+
+  template <typename T> truncating_iterator& operator=(T val) {
+    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) *this->out_++ = val;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  truncating_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+  truncating_iterator& operator++(int) { return *this; }
+  truncating_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+};
+
+// A compile-time string which is compiled into fast formatting code.
+class compiled_string {};
+
+template <typename S>
+struct is_compiled_string : std::is_base_of<compiled_string, S> {};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts a string literal *s* into a format string that will be parsed at
+  compile time and converted into efficient formatting code. Requires C++17
+  ``constexpr if`` compiler support.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // Converts 42 into std::string using the most efficient method and no
+    // runtime format string processing.
+    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
+#  define FMT_COMPILE(s) \
+    FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::detail::compiled_string, explicit)
+#else
+#  define FMT_COMPILE(s) FMT_STRING(s)
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
+template <typename Char, size_t N, fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct udl_compiled_string : compiled_string {
+  using char_type = Char;
+  constexpr operator basic_string_view<char_type>() const {
+    return {Str.data, N - 1};
+  }
+};
+#endif
+
+template <typename T, typename... Tail>
+const T& first(const T& value, const Tail&...) {
+  return value;
+}
+
+#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
+template <typename... Args> struct type_list {};
+
+// Returns a reference to the argument at index N from [first, rest...].
+template <int N, typename T, typename... Args>
+constexpr const auto& get([[maybe_unused]] const T& first,
+                          [[maybe_unused]] const Args&... rest) {
+  static_assert(N < 1 + sizeof...(Args), "index is out of bounds");
+  if constexpr (N == 0)
+    return first;
+  else
+    return get<N - 1>(rest...);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename... Args>
+constexpr int get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name,
+                                    type_list<Args...>) {
+  return get_arg_index_by_name<Args...>(name);
+}
+
+template <int N, typename> struct get_type_impl;
+
+template <int N, typename... Args> struct get_type_impl<N, type_list<Args...>> {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(get<N>(std::declval<Args>()...))>;
+};
+
+template <int N, typename T>
+using get_type = typename get_type_impl<N, T>::type;
+
+template <typename T> struct is_compiled_format : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename Char> struct text {
+  basic_string_view<Char> data;
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&...) const {
+    return write<Char>(out, data);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_compiled_format<text<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr text<Char> make_text(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t pos,
+                               size_t size) {
+  return {{&s[pos], size}};
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct code_unit {
+  Char value;
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&...) const {
+    return write<Char>(out, value);
+  }
+};
+
+// This ensures that the argument type is convertible to `const T&`.
+template <typename T, int N, typename... Args>
+constexpr const T& get_arg_checked(const Args&... args) {
+  const auto& arg = get<N>(args...);
+  if constexpr (detail::is_named_arg<remove_cvref_t<decltype(arg)>>()) {
+    return arg.value;
+  } else {
+    return arg;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_compiled_format<code_unit<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A replacement field that refers to argument N.
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N> struct field {
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+    return write<Char>(out, get_arg_checked<T, N>(args...));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N>
+struct is_compiled_format<field<Char, T, N>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A replacement field that refers to argument with name.
+template <typename Char> struct runtime_named_field {
+  using char_type = Char;
+  basic_string_view<Char> name;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename T>
+  constexpr static bool try_format_argument(
+      OutputIt& out,
+      // [[maybe_unused]] due to unused-but-set-parameter warning in GCC 7,8,9
+      [[maybe_unused]] basic_string_view<Char> arg_name, const T& arg) {
+    if constexpr (is_named_arg<typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>::value) {
+      if (arg_name == arg.name) {
+        out = write<Char>(out, arg.value);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+    bool found = (try_format_argument(out, name, args) || ...);
+    if (!found) {
+      throw format_error("argument with specified name is not found");
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_compiled_format<runtime_named_field<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A replacement field that refers to argument N and has format specifiers.
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N> struct spec_field {
+  using char_type = Char;
+  formatter<T, Char> fmt;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE OutputIt format(OutputIt out,
+                                       const Args&... args) const {
+    const auto& vargs =
+        fmt::make_format_args<basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>(args...);
+    basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char> ctx(out, vargs);
+    return fmt.format(get_arg_checked<T, N>(args...), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N>
+struct is_compiled_format<spec_field<Char, T, N>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename L, typename R> struct concat {
+  L lhs;
+  R rhs;
+  using char_type = typename L::char_type;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+    out = lhs.format(out, args...);
+    return rhs.format(out, args...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename L, typename R>
+struct is_compiled_format<concat<L, R>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename L, typename R>
+constexpr concat<L, R> make_concat(L lhs, R rhs) {
+  return {lhs, rhs};
+}
+
+struct unknown_format {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr size_t parse_text(basic_string_view<Char> str, size_t pos) {
+  for (size_t size = str.size(); pos != size; ++pos) {
+    if (str[pos] == '{' || str[pos] == '}') break;
+  }
+  return pos;
+}
+
+template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename S>
+constexpr auto compile_format_string(S format_str);
+
+template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename T, typename S>
+constexpr auto parse_tail(T head, S format_str) {
+  if constexpr (POS !=
+                basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(format_str).size()) {
+    constexpr auto tail = compile_format_string<Args, POS, ID>(format_str);
+    if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(tail)>,
+                               unknown_format>())
+      return tail;
+    else
+      return make_concat(head, tail);
+  } else {
+    return head;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct parse_specs_result {
+  formatter<T, Char> fmt;
+  size_t end;
+  int next_arg_id;
+};
+
+constexpr int manual_indexing_id = -1;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+constexpr parse_specs_result<T, Char> parse_specs(basic_string_view<Char> str,
+                                                  size_t pos, int next_arg_id) {
+  str.remove_prefix(pos);
+  auto ctx = basic_format_parse_context<Char>(str, {}, next_arg_id);
+  auto f = formatter<T, Char>();
+  auto end = f.parse(ctx);
+  return {f, pos + fmt::detail::to_unsigned(end - str.data()) + 1,
+          next_arg_id == 0 ? manual_indexing_id : ctx.next_arg_id()};
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct arg_id_handler {
+  arg_ref<Char> arg_id;
+
+  constexpr int operator()() {
+    FMT_ASSERT(false, "handler cannot be used with automatic indexing");
+    return 0;
+  }
+  constexpr int operator()(int id) {
+    arg_id = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  constexpr int operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    arg_id = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  constexpr void on_error(const char* message) { throw format_error(message); }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct parse_arg_id_result {
+  arg_ref<Char> arg_id;
+  const Char* arg_id_end;
+};
+
+template <int ID, typename Char>
+constexpr auto parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+  auto handler = arg_id_handler<Char>{arg_ref<Char>{}};
+  auto arg_id_end = parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
+  return parse_arg_id_result<Char>{handler.arg_id, arg_id_end};
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct field_type {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<T>;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct field_type<T, enable_if_t<detail::is_named_arg<T>::value>> {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(T::value)>;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Args, size_t END_POS, int ARG_INDEX, int NEXT_ID,
+          typename S>
+constexpr auto parse_replacement_field_then_tail(S format_str) {
+  using char_type = typename S::char_type;
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(format_str);
+  constexpr char_type c = END_POS != str.size() ? str[END_POS] : char_type();
+  if constexpr (c == '}') {
+    return parse_tail<Args, END_POS + 1, NEXT_ID>(
+        field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>(),
+        format_str);
+  } else if constexpr (c == ':') {
+    constexpr auto result = parse_specs<typename field_type<T>::type>(
+        str, END_POS + 1, NEXT_ID == manual_indexing_id ? 0 : NEXT_ID);
+    return parse_tail<Args, result.end, result.next_arg_id>(
+        spec_field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>{
+            result.fmt},
+        format_str);
+  }
+}
+
+// Compiles a non-empty format string and returns the compiled representation
+// or unknown_format() on unrecognized input.
+template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename S>
+constexpr auto compile_format_string(S format_str) {
+  using char_type = typename S::char_type;
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(format_str);
+  if constexpr (str[POS] == '{') {
+    if constexpr (POS + 1 == str.size())
+      throw format_error("unmatched '{' in format string");
+    if constexpr (str[POS + 1] == '{') {
+      return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), format_str);
+    } else if constexpr (str[POS + 1] == '}' || str[POS + 1] == ':') {
+      static_assert(ID != manual_indexing_id,
+                    "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+      constexpr auto next_id =
+          ID != manual_indexing_id ? ID + 1 : manual_indexing_id;
+      return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<get_type<ID, Args>, Args,
+                                               POS + 1, ID, next_id>(
+          format_str);
+    } else {
+      constexpr auto arg_id_result =
+          parse_arg_id<ID>(str.data() + POS + 1, str.data() + str.size());
+      constexpr auto arg_id_end_pos = arg_id_result.arg_id_end - str.data();
+      constexpr char_type c =
+          arg_id_end_pos != str.size() ? str[arg_id_end_pos] : char_type();
+      static_assert(c == '}' || c == ':', "missing '}' in format string");
+      if constexpr (arg_id_result.arg_id.kind == arg_id_kind::index) {
+        static_assert(
+            ID == manual_indexing_id || ID == 0,
+            "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+        constexpr auto arg_index = arg_id_result.arg_id.val.index;
+        return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<get_type<arg_index, Args>,
+                                                 Args, arg_id_end_pos,
+                                                 arg_index, manual_indexing_id>(
+            format_str);
+      } else if constexpr (arg_id_result.arg_id.kind == arg_id_kind::name) {
+        constexpr auto arg_index =
+            get_arg_index_by_name(arg_id_result.arg_id.val.name, Args{});
+        if constexpr (arg_index != invalid_arg_index) {
+          constexpr auto next_id =
+              ID != manual_indexing_id ? ID + 1 : manual_indexing_id;
+          return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<
+              decltype(get_type<arg_index, Args>::value), Args, arg_id_end_pos,
+              arg_index, next_id>(format_str);
+        } else {
+          if constexpr (c == '}') {
+            return parse_tail<Args, arg_id_end_pos + 1, ID>(
+                runtime_named_field<char_type>{arg_id_result.arg_id.val.name},
+                format_str);
+          } else if constexpr (c == ':') {
+            return unknown_format();  // no type info for specs parsing
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else if constexpr (str[POS] == '}') {
+    if constexpr (POS + 1 == str.size())
+      throw format_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
+    return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), format_str);
+  } else {
+    constexpr auto end = parse_text(str, POS + 1);
+    if constexpr (end - POS > 1) {
+      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(make_text(str, POS, end - POS),
+                                       format_str);
+    } else {
+      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(code_unit<char_type>{str[POS]},
+                                       format_str);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename... Args, typename S,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+constexpr auto compile(S format_str) {
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(format_str);
+  if constexpr (str.size() == 0) {
+    return detail::make_text(str, 0, 0);
+  } else {
+    constexpr auto result =
+        detail::compile_format_string<detail::type_list<Args...>, 0, 0>(
+            format_str);
+    return result;
+  }
+}
+#endif  // __cpp_if_constexpr
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
+
+template <typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = typename CompiledFormat::char_type,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_format<CompiledFormat>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<Char> format(const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                                          const Args&... args) {
+  auto s = std::basic_string<Char>();
+  cf.format(std::back_inserter(s), args...);
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_format<CompiledFormat>::value)>
+constexpr FMT_INLINE OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                                        const Args&... args) {
+  return cf.format(out, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<typename S::char_type> format(const S&,
+                                                           Args&&... args) {
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<typename S::char_type, char>::value) {
+    constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(S());
+    if constexpr (str.size() == 2 && str[0] == '{' && str[1] == '}') {
+      const auto& first = detail::first(args...);
+      if constexpr (detail::is_named_arg<
+                        remove_cvref_t<decltype(first)>>::value) {
+        return fmt::to_string(first.value);
+      } else {
+        return fmt::to_string(first);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<Args...>(S());
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(compiled)>,
+                             detail::unknown_format>()) {
+    return format(static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
+                  std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  } else {
+    return format(compiled, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const S&, Args&&... args) {
+  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<Args...>(S());
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(compiled)>,
+                             detail::unknown_format>()) {
+    return format_to(out,
+                     static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
+                     std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  } else {
+    return format_to(out, compiled, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+format_to_n_result<OutputIt> format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n,
+                                         const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  auto it = format_to(detail::truncating_iterator<OutputIt>(out, n), format_str,
+                      std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  return {it.base(), it.count()};
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+size_t formatted_size(const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  return format_to(detail::counting_iterator(), format_str, args...).count();
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+void print(std::FILE* f, const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  memory_buffer buffer;
+  format_to(std::back_inserter(buffer), format_str, args...);
+  detail::print(f, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+void print(const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  print(stdout, format_str, args...);
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
+inline namespace literals {
+template <detail::fixed_string Str>
+constexpr detail::udl_compiled_string<
+    remove_cvref_t<decltype(Str.data[0])>,
+    sizeof(Str.data) / sizeof(decltype(Str.data[0])), Str>
+operator""_cf() {
+  return {};
+}
+}  // namespace literals
+#endif
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_COMPILE_H_
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#include "xchar.h"
+#warning fmt/locale.h is deprecated, include fmt/format.h or fmt/xchar.h instead
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - optional OS-specific functionality
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_OS_H_
+#define FMT_OS_H_
+
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <clocale>  // locale_t
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>       // strtod_l
+#include <system_error>  // std::system_error
+
+#if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#  include <xlocale.h>  // for LC_NUMERIC_MASK on OS X
+#endif
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+// UWP doesn't provide _pipe.
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("winapifamily.h")
+#  include <winapifamily.h>
+#endif
+#if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<fcntl.h>) || defined(__APPLE__) || \
+     defined(__linux__)) &&                              \
+    (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) || (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
+#  include <fcntl.h>  // for O_RDONLY
+#  define FMT_USE_FCNTL 1
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_FCNTL 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_POSIX
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+// Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
+#    define FMT_POSIX(call) _##call
+#  else
+#    define FMT_POSIX(call) call
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Calls to system functions are wrapped in FMT_SYSTEM for testability.
+#ifdef FMT_SYSTEM
+#  define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) FMT_SYSTEM(call)
+#else
+#  define FMT_SYSTEM(call) ::call
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+// Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
+#    define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::_##call
+#  else
+#    define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::call
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Retries the expression while it evaluates to error_result and errno
+// equals to EINTR.
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#  define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) \
+    do {                                                  \
+      (result) = (expression);                            \
+    } while ((result) == (error_result) && errno == EINTR)
+#else
+#  define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) result = (expression)
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_RETRY(result, expression) FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, -1)
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A reference to a null-terminated string. It can be constructed from a C
+  string or ``std::string``.
+
+  You can use one of the following type aliases for common character types:
+
+  +---------------+-----------------------------+
+  | Type          | Definition                  |
+  +===============+=============================+
+  | cstring_view  | basic_cstring_view<char>    |
+  +---------------+-----------------------------+
+  | wcstring_view | basic_cstring_view<wchar_t> |
+  +---------------+-----------------------------+
+
+  This class is most useful as a parameter type to allow passing
+  different types of strings to a function, for example::
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    std::string format(cstring_view format_str, const Args & ... args);
+
+    format("{}", 42);
+    format(std::string("{}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char> class basic_cstring_view {
+ private:
+  const Char* data_;
+
+ public:
+  /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string. */
+  basic_cstring_view(const Char* s) : data_(s) {}
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a string reference from an ``std::string`` object.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  basic_cstring_view(const std::basic_string<Char>& s) : data_(s.c_str()) {}
+
+  /** Returns the pointer to a C string. */
+  const Char* c_str() const { return data_; }
+};
+
+using cstring_view = basic_cstring_view<char>;
+using wcstring_view = basic_cstring_view<wchar_t>;
+
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::error_code, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const std::error_code& ec, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = detail::write_bytes(out, ec.category().name(),
+                              basic_format_specs<Char>());
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, Char(':'));
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, ec.value());
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+// A converter from UTF-16 to UTF-8.
+// It is only provided for Windows since other systems support UTF-8 natively.
+class utf16_to_utf8 {
+ private:
+  memory_buffer buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  utf16_to_utf8() {}
+  FMT_API explicit utf16_to_utf8(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s);
+  operator string_view() const { return string_view(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+  size_t size() const { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  const char* c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  std::string str() const { return std::string(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+
+  // Performs conversion returning a system error code instead of
+  // throwing exception on conversion error. This method may still throw
+  // in case of memory allocation error.
+  FMT_API int convert(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s);
+};
+
+FMT_API void format_windows_error(buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+FMT_API std::system_error vwindows_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
+                                         format_args args);
+
+/**
+ \rst
+ Constructs a :class:`std::system_error` object with the description
+ of the form
+
+ .. parsed-literal::
+   *<message>*: *<system-message>*
+
+ where *<message>* is the formatted message and *<system-message>* is the
+ system message corresponding to the error code.
+ *error_code* is a Windows error code as given by ``GetLastError``.
+ If *error_code* is not a valid error code such as -1, the system message
+ will look like "error -1".
+
+ **Example**::
+
+   // This throws a system_error with the description
+   //   cannot open file 'madeup': The system cannot find the file specified.
+   // or similar (system message may vary).
+   const char *filename = "madeup";
+   LPOFSTRUCT of = LPOFSTRUCT();
+   HFILE file = OpenFile(filename, &of, OF_READ);
+   if (file == HFILE_ERROR) {
+     throw fmt::windows_error(GetLastError(),
+                              "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+   }
+ \endrst
+*/
+template <typename... Args>
+std::system_error windows_error(int error_code, string_view message,
+                                const Args&... args) {
+  return vwindows_error(error_code, message, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+// Reports a Windows error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_windows_error(int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+#else
+inline const std::error_category& system_category() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::system_category();
+}
+#endif  // _WIN32
+
+// std::system is not available on some platforms such as iOS (#2248).
+#ifdef __OSX__
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+void say(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  std::system(format("say \"{}\"", format(format_str, args...)).c_str());
+}
+#endif
+
+// A buffered file.
+class buffered_file {
+ private:
+  FILE* file_;
+
+  friend class file;
+
+  explicit buffered_file(FILE* f) : file_(f) {}
+
+ public:
+  buffered_file(const buffered_file&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffered_file&) = delete;
+
+  // Constructs a buffered_file object which doesn't represent any file.
+  buffered_file() FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(nullptr) {}
+
+  // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
+  FMT_API ~buffered_file() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+ public:
+  buffered_file(buffered_file&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(other.file_) {
+    other.file_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  buffered_file& operator=(buffered_file&& other) {
+    close();
+    file_ = other.file_;
+    other.file_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Opens a file.
+  FMT_API buffered_file(cstring_view filename, cstring_view mode);
+
+  // Closes the file.
+  FMT_API void close();
+
+  // Returns the pointer to a FILE object representing this file.
+  FILE* get() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return file_; }
+
+  // We place parentheses around fileno to workaround a bug in some versions
+  // of MinGW that define fileno as a macro.
+  FMT_API int(fileno)() const;
+
+  void vprint(string_view format_str, format_args args) {
+    fmt::vprint(file_, format_str, args);
+  }
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  inline void print(string_view format_str, const Args&... args) {
+    vprint(format_str, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+  }
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+// A file. Closed file is represented by a file object with descriptor -1.
+// Methods that are not declared with FMT_NOEXCEPT may throw
+// fmt::system_error in case of failure. Note that some errors such as
+// closing the file multiple times will cause a crash on Windows rather
+// than an exception. You can get standard behavior by overriding the
+// invalid parameter handler with _set_invalid_parameter_handler.
+class file {
+ private:
+  int fd_;  // File descriptor.
+
+  // Constructs a file object with a given descriptor.
+  explicit file(int fd) : fd_(fd) {}
+
+ public:
+  // Possible values for the oflag argument to the constructor.
+  enum {
+    RDONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_RDONLY),  // Open for reading only.
+    WRONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_WRONLY),  // Open for writing only.
+    RDWR = FMT_POSIX(O_RDWR),      // Open for reading and writing.
+    CREATE = FMT_POSIX(O_CREAT),   // Create if the file doesn't exist.
+    APPEND = FMT_POSIX(O_APPEND),  // Open in append mode.
+    TRUNC = FMT_POSIX(O_TRUNC)     // Truncate the content of the file.
+  };
+
+  // Constructs a file object which doesn't represent any file.
+  file() FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(-1) {}
+
+  // Opens a file and constructs a file object representing this file.
+  FMT_API file(cstring_view path, int oflag);
+
+ public:
+  file(const file&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const file&) = delete;
+
+  file(file&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(other.fd_) { other.fd_ = -1; }
+
+  // Move assignment is not noexcept because close may throw.
+  file& operator=(file&& other) {
+    close();
+    fd_ = other.fd_;
+    other.fd_ = -1;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
+  FMT_API ~file() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+  // Returns the file descriptor.
+  int descriptor() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return fd_; }
+
+  // Closes the file.
+  FMT_API void close();
+
+  // Returns the file size. The size has signed type for consistency with
+  // stat::st_size.
+  FMT_API long long size() const;
+
+  // Attempts to read count bytes from the file into the specified buffer.
+  FMT_API size_t read(void* buffer, size_t count);
+
+  // Attempts to write count bytes from the specified buffer to the file.
+  FMT_API size_t write(const void* buffer, size_t count);
+
+  // Duplicates a file descriptor with the dup function and returns
+  // the duplicate as a file object.
+  FMT_API static file dup(int fd);
+
+  // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
+  // necessary.
+  FMT_API void dup2(int fd);
+
+  // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
+  // necessary.
+  FMT_API void dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+  // Creates a pipe setting up read_end and write_end file objects for reading
+  // and writing respectively.
+  FMT_API static void pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end);
+
+  // Creates a buffered_file object associated with this file and detaches
+  // this file object from the file.
+  FMT_API buffered_file fdopen(const char* mode);
+};
+
+// Returns the memory page size.
+long getpagesize();
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+struct buffer_size {
+  buffer_size() = default;
+  size_t value = 0;
+  buffer_size operator=(size_t val) const {
+    auto bs = buffer_size();
+    bs.value = val;
+    return bs;
+  }
+};
+
+struct ostream_params {
+  int oflag = file::WRONLY | file::CREATE | file::TRUNC;
+  size_t buffer_size = BUFSIZ > 32768 ? BUFSIZ : 32768;
+
+  ostream_params() {}
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  ostream_params(T... params, int new_oflag) : ostream_params(params...) {
+    oflag = new_oflag;
+  }
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  ostream_params(T... params, detail::buffer_size bs)
+      : ostream_params(params...) {
+    this->buffer_size = bs.value;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+static constexpr detail::buffer_size buffer_size;
+
+/** A fast output stream which is not thread-safe. */
+class FMT_API ostream final : private detail::buffer<char> {
+ private:
+  file file_;
+
+  void flush() {
+    if (size() == 0) return;
+    file_.write(data(), size());
+    clear();
+  }
+
+  void grow(size_t) override;
+
+  ostream(cstring_view path, const detail::ostream_params& params)
+      : file_(path, params.oflag) {
+    set(new char[params.buffer_size], params.buffer_size);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  ostream(ostream&& other)
+      : detail::buffer<char>(other.data(), other.size(), other.capacity()),
+        file_(std::move(other.file_)) {
+    other.clear();
+    other.set(nullptr, 0);
+  }
+  ~ostream() {
+    flush();
+    delete[] data();
+  }
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  friend ostream output_file(cstring_view path, T... params);
+
+  void close() {
+    flush();
+    file_.close();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
+    output to the file.
+   */
+  template <typename... T> void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+    vformat_to(detail::buffer_appender<char>(*this), fmt,
+               fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Opens a file for writing. Supported parameters passed in *params*:
+
+  * ``<integer>``: Flags passed to `open
+    <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904875/functions/open.html>`_
+    (``file::WRONLY | file::CREATE`` by default)
+  * ``buffer_size=<integer>``: Output buffer size
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
+    out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline ostream output_file(cstring_view path, T... params) {
+  return {path, detail::ostream_params(params...)};
+}
+#endif  // FMT_USE_FCNTL
+
+#ifdef FMT_LOCALE
+// A "C" numeric locale.
+class locale {
+ private:
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  using locale_t = _locale_t;
+
+  static void freelocale(locale_t loc) { _free_locale(loc); }
+
+  static double strtod_l(const char* nptr, char** endptr, _locale_t loc) {
+    return _strtod_l(nptr, endptr, loc);
+  }
+#  endif
+
+  locale_t locale_;
+
+ public:
+  using type = locale_t;
+  locale(const locale&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const locale&) = delete;
+
+  locale() {
+#  ifndef _WIN32
+    locale_ = FMT_SYSTEM(newlocale(LC_NUMERIC_MASK, "C", nullptr));
+#  else
+    locale_ = _create_locale(LC_NUMERIC, "C");
+#  endif
+    if (!locale_) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot create locale"));
+  }
+  ~locale() { freelocale(locale_); }
+
+  type get() const { return locale_; }
+
+  // Converts string to floating-point number and advances str past the end
+  // of the parsed input.
+  double strtod(const char*& str) const {
+    char* end = nullptr;
+    double result = strtod_l(str, &end, locale_);
+    str = end;
+    return result;
+  }
+};
+using Locale FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = locale;
+#endif  // FMT_LOCALE
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_OS_H_
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - std::ostream support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+#define FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char> class basic_printf_parse_context;
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context;
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <class Char> class formatbuf : public std::basic_streambuf<Char> {
+ private:
+  using int_type = typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::int_type;
+  using traits_type = typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::traits_type;
+
+  buffer<Char>& buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  formatbuf(buffer<Char>& buf) : buffer_(buf) {}
+
+ protected:
+  // The put-area is actually always empty. This makes the implementation
+  // simpler and has the advantage that the streambuf and the buffer are always
+  // in sync and sputc never writes into uninitialized memory. The obvious
+  // disadvantage is that each call to sputc always results in a (virtual) call
+  // to overflow. There is no disadvantage here for sputn since this always
+  // results in a call to xsputn.
+
+  int_type overflow(int_type ch = traits_type::eof()) FMT_OVERRIDE {
+    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(ch, traits_type::eof()))
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<Char>(ch));
+    return ch;
+  }
+
+  std::streamsize xsputn(const Char* s, std::streamsize count) FMT_OVERRIDE {
+    buffer_.append(s, s + count);
+    return count;
+  }
+};
+
+struct converter {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value)> converter(T);
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct test_stream : std::basic_ostream<Char> {
+ private:
+  void_t<> operator<<(converter);
+};
+
+// Hide insertion operators for built-in types.
+template <typename Char, typename Traits>
+void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, Char);
+template <typename Char, typename Traits>
+void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char, Traits>&, char);
+template <typename Traits>
+void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, char);
+template <typename Traits>
+void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, signed char);
+template <typename Traits>
+void_t<> operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, unsigned char);
+
+// Checks if T has a user-defined operator<< (e.g. not a member of
+// std::ostream).
+template <typename T, typename Char> class is_streamable {
+ private:
+  template <typename U>
+  static bool_constant<!std::is_same<decltype(std::declval<test_stream<Char>&>()
+                                              << std::declval<U>()),
+                                     void_t<>>::value>
+  test(int);
+
+  template <typename> static std::false_type test(...);
+
+  using result = decltype(test<T>(0));
+
+ public:
+  is_streamable() = default;
+
+  static const bool value = result::value;
+};
+
+// Write the content of buf to os.
+template <typename Char>
+void write_buffer(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, buffer<Char>& buf) {
+  const Char* buf_data = buf.data();
+  using unsigned_streamsize = std::make_unsigned<std::streamsize>::type;
+  unsigned_streamsize size = buf.size();
+  unsigned_streamsize max_size = to_unsigned(max_value<std::streamsize>());
+  do {
+    unsigned_streamsize n = size <= max_size ? size : max_size;
+    os.write(buf_data, static_cast<std::streamsize>(n));
+    buf_data += n;
+    size -= n;
+  } while (size != 0);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+void format_value(buffer<Char>& buf, const T& value,
+                  locale_ref loc = locale_ref()) {
+  formatbuf<Char> format_buf(buf);
+  std::basic_ostream<Char> output(&format_buf);
+#if !defined(FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR)
+  if (loc) output.imbue(loc.get<std::locale>());
+#endif
+  output << value;
+  output.exceptions(std::ios_base::failbit | std::ios_base::badbit);
+  buf.try_resize(buf.size());
+}
+
+// Formats an object of type T that has an overloaded ostream operator<<.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct fallback_formatter<T, Char, enable_if_t<is_streamable<T, Char>::value>>
+    : private formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::parse(ctx);
+  }
+  template <typename ParseCtx,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<
+                          ParseCtx, basic_printf_parse_context<Char>>::value)>
+  auto parse(ParseCtx& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename OutputIt>
+  auto format(const T& value, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>& ctx)
+      -> OutputIt {
+    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+    format_value(buffer, value, ctx.locale());
+    basic_string_view<Char> str(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(str, ctx);
+  }
+  template <typename OutputIt>
+  auto format(const T& value, basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>& ctx)
+      -> OutputIt {
+    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+    format_value(buffer, value, ctx.locale());
+    return std::copy(buffer.begin(), buffer.end(), ctx.out());
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT
+template <typename Char>
+void vprint(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+            basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  detail::write_buffer(os, buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(cerr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<detail::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+void print(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  vprint(os, to_string_view(format_str),
+         fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+}
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_OSTREAM_H_
@@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - legacy printf implementation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_PRINTF_H_
+#define FMT_PRINTF_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>  // std::max
+#include <limits>     // std::numeric_limits
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+template <typename Char>
+class basic_printf_parse_context : public basic_format_parse_context<Char> {
+  using basic_format_parse_context<Char>::basic_format_parse_context;
+};
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context;
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// Checks if a value fits in int - used to avoid warnings about comparing
+// signed and unsigned integers.
+template <bool IsSigned> struct int_checker {
+  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+    unsigned max = max_value<int>();
+    return value <= max;
+  }
+  static bool fits_in_int(bool) { return true; }
+};
+
+template <> struct int_checker<true> {
+  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+    return value >= (std::numeric_limits<int>::min)() &&
+           value <= max_value<int>();
+  }
+  static bool fits_in_int(int) { return true; }
+};
+
+class printf_precision_handler {
+ public:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  int operator()(T value) {
+    if (!int_checker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>::fits_in_int(value))
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+    return (std::max)(static_cast<int>(value), 0);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  int operator()(T) {
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("precision is not integer"));
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+// An argument visitor that returns true iff arg is a zero integer.
+class is_zero_int {
+ public:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  bool operator()(T value) {
+    return value == 0;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  bool operator()(T) {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_bool : std::make_unsigned<T> {};
+
+template <> struct make_unsigned_or_bool<bool> { using type = bool; };
+
+template <typename T, typename Context> class arg_converter {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
+  char_type type_;
+
+ public:
+  arg_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, char_type type)
+      : arg_(arg), type_(type) {}
+
+  void operator()(bool value) {
+    if (type_ != 's') operator()<bool>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U value) {
+    bool is_signed = type_ == 'd' || type_ == 'i';
+    using target_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, void>::value, U, T>;
+    if (const_check(sizeof(target_type) <= sizeof(int))) {
+      // Extra casts are used to silence warnings.
+      if (is_signed) {
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
+            static_cast<int>(static_cast<target_type>(value)));
+      } else {
+        using unsigned_type = typename make_unsigned_or_bool<target_type>::type;
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
+            static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<unsigned_type>(value)));
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (is_signed) {
+        // glibc's printf doesn't sign extend arguments of smaller types:
+        //   std::printf("%lld", -42);  // prints "4294967254"
+        // but we don't have to do the same because it's a UB.
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(static_cast<long long>(value));
+      } else {
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
+            static_cast<typename make_unsigned_or_bool<U>::type>(value));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
+};
+
+// Converts an integer argument to T for printf, if T is an integral type.
+// If T is void, the argument is converted to corresponding signed or unsigned
+// type depending on the type specifier: 'd' and 'i' - signed, other -
+// unsigned).
+template <typename T, typename Context, typename Char>
+void convert_arg(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, Char type) {
+  visit_format_arg(arg_converter<T, Context>(arg, type), arg);
+}
+
+// Converts an integer argument to char for printf.
+template <typename Context> class char_converter {
+ private:
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit char_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) : arg_(arg) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T value) {
+    arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
+        static_cast<typename Context::char_type>(value));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
+};
+
+// An argument visitor that return a pointer to a C string if argument is a
+// string or null otherwise.
+template <typename Char> struct get_cstring {
+  template <typename T> const Char* operator()(T) { return nullptr; }
+  const Char* operator()(const Char* s) { return s; }
+};
+
+// Checks if an argument is a valid printf width specifier and sets
+// left alignment if it is negative.
+template <typename Char> class printf_width_handler {
+ private:
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<Char>;
+
+  format_specs& specs_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit printf_width_handler(format_specs& specs) : specs_(specs) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  unsigned operator()(T value) {
+    auto width = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+    if (detail::is_negative(value)) {
+      specs_.align = align::left;
+      width = 0 - width;
+    }
+    unsigned int_max = max_value<int>();
+    if (width > int_max) FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+    return static_cast<unsigned>(width);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  unsigned operator()(T) {
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("width is not integer"));
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+// The ``printf`` argument formatter.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+class printf_arg_formatter : public arg_formatter<Char> {
+ private:
+  using base = arg_formatter<Char>;
+  using context_type = basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>;
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<Char>;
+
+  context_type& context_;
+
+  OutputIt write_null_pointer(bool is_string = false) {
+    auto s = this->specs;
+    s.type = 0;
+    return write_bytes(this->out, is_string ? "(null)" : "(nil)", s);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  printf_arg_formatter(OutputIt iter, format_specs& s, context_type& ctx)
+      : base{iter, s, locale_ref()}, context_(ctx) {}
+
+  OutputIt operator()(monostate value) { return base::operator()(value); }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  OutputIt operator()(T value) {
+    // MSVC2013 fails to compile separate overloads for bool and Char so use
+    // std::is_same instead.
+    if (std::is_same<T, Char>::value) {
+      format_specs fmt_specs = this->specs;
+      if (fmt_specs.type && fmt_specs.type != 'c')
+        return (*this)(static_cast<int>(value));
+      fmt_specs.sign = sign::none;
+      fmt_specs.alt = false;
+      fmt_specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for char types.
+      // align::numeric needs to be overwritten here since the '0' flag is
+      // ignored for non-numeric types
+      if (fmt_specs.align == align::none || fmt_specs.align == align::numeric)
+        fmt_specs.align = align::right;
+      return write<Char>(this->out, static_cast<Char>(value), fmt_specs);
+    }
+    return base::operator()(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+  OutputIt operator()(T value) {
+    return base::operator()(value);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a null-terminated C string. */
+  OutputIt operator()(const char* value) {
+    if (value) return base::operator()(value);
+    return write_null_pointer(this->specs.type != 'p');
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a null-terminated wide C string. */
+  OutputIt operator()(const wchar_t* value) {
+    if (value) return base::operator()(value);
+    return write_null_pointer(this->specs.type != 'p');
+  }
+
+  OutputIt operator()(basic_string_view<Char> value) {
+    return base::operator()(value);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a pointer. */
+  OutputIt operator()(const void* value) {
+    return value ? base::operator()(value) : write_null_pointer();
+  }
+
+  /** Formats an argument of a custom (user-defined) type. */
+  OutputIt operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context_type>::handle handle) {
+    handle.format(context_.parse_context(), context_);
+    return this->out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Context>
+void vprintf(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format,
+             basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  Context(buffer_appender<Char>(buf), format, args).format();
+}
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// For printing into memory_buffer.
+template <typename Char, typename Context>
+FMT_DEPRECATED void printf(detail::buffer<Char>& buf,
+                           basic_string_view<Char> format,
+                           basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  return detail::vprintf(buf, format, args);
+}
+using detail::vprintf;
+
+template <typename T> struct printf_formatter {
+  printf_formatter() = delete;
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T&, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ This template formats data and writes the output through an output iterator.
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context {
+ public:
+  /** The character type for the output. */
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using iterator = OutputIt;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_printf_context>;
+  using parse_context_type = basic_printf_parse_context<Char>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = printf_formatter<T>;
+
+ private:
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char_type>;
+
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args_;
+  parse_context_type parse_ctx_;
+
+  static void parse_flags(format_specs& specs, const Char*& it,
+                          const Char* end);
+
+  // Returns the argument with specified index or, if arg_index is -1, the next
+  // argument.
+  format_arg get_arg(int arg_index = -1);
+
+  // Parses argument index, flags and width and returns the argument index.
+  int parse_header(const Char*& it, const Char* end, format_specs& specs);
+
+ public:
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a ``printf_context`` object. References to the arguments are
+   stored in the context object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  basic_printf_context(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<char_type> format_str,
+                       basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args)
+      : out_(out), args_(args), parse_ctx_(format_str) {}
+
+  OutputIt out() { return out_; }
+  void advance_to(OutputIt it) { out_ = it; }
+
+  detail::locale_ref locale() { return {}; }
+
+  format_arg arg(int id) const { return args_.get(id); }
+
+  parse_context_type& parse_context() { return parse_ctx_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    parse_ctx_.on_error(message);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats stored arguments and writes the output to the range. */
+  OutputIt format();
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+void basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::parse_flags(format_specs& specs,
+                                                       const Char*& it,
+                                                       const Char* end) {
+  for (; it != end; ++it) {
+    switch (*it) {
+    case '-':
+      specs.align = align::left;
+      break;
+    case '+':
+      specs.sign = sign::plus;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      break;
+    case ' ':
+      if (specs.sign != sign::plus) {
+        specs.sign = sign::space;
+      }
+      break;
+    case '#':
+      specs.alt = true;
+      break;
+    default:
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+typename basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::format_arg
+basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::get_arg(int arg_index) {
+  if (arg_index < 0)
+    arg_index = parse_ctx_.next_arg_id();
+  else
+    parse_ctx_.check_arg_id(--arg_index);
+  return detail::get_arg(*this, arg_index);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+int basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::parse_header(const Char*& it,
+                                                       const Char* end,
+                                                       format_specs& specs) {
+  int arg_index = -1;
+  char_type c = *it;
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    // Parse an argument index (if followed by '$') or a width possibly
+    // preceded with '0' flag(s).
+    detail::error_handler eh;
+    int value = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+    if (it != end && *it == '$') {  // value is an argument index
+      ++it;
+      arg_index = value;
+    } else {
+      if (c == '0') specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      if (value != 0) {
+        // Nonzero value means that we parsed width and don't need to
+        // parse it or flags again, so return now.
+        specs.width = value;
+        return arg_index;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  parse_flags(specs, it, end);
+  // Parse width.
+  if (it != end) {
+    if (*it >= '0' && *it <= '9') {
+      detail::error_handler eh;
+      specs.width = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+    } else if (*it == '*') {
+      ++it;
+      specs.width = static_cast<int>(visit_format_arg(
+          detail::printf_width_handler<char_type>(specs), get_arg()));
+    }
+  }
+  return arg_index;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+OutputIt basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::format() {
+  auto out = this->out();
+  const Char* start = parse_ctx_.begin();
+  const Char* end = parse_ctx_.end();
+  auto it = start;
+  while (it != end) {
+    if (!detail::find<false, Char>(it, end, '%', it)) {
+      it = end;  // detail::find leaves it == nullptr if it doesn't find '%'
+      break;
+    }
+    char_type c = *it++;
+    if (it != end && *it == c) {
+      out = detail::write(
+          out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, detail::to_unsigned(it - start)));
+      start = ++it;
+      continue;
+    }
+    out = detail::write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(
+                                 start, detail::to_unsigned(it - 1 - start)));
+
+    format_specs specs;
+    specs.align = align::right;
+
+    // Parse argument index, flags and width.
+    int arg_index = parse_header(it, end, specs);
+    if (arg_index == 0) on_error("argument not found");
+
+    // Parse precision.
+    if (it != end && *it == '.') {
+      ++it;
+      c = it != end ? *it : 0;
+      if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+        detail::error_handler eh;
+        specs.precision = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+      } else if (c == '*') {
+        ++it;
+        specs.precision = static_cast<int>(
+            visit_format_arg(detail::printf_precision_handler(), get_arg()));
+      } else {
+        specs.precision = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    format_arg arg = get_arg(arg_index);
+    // For d, i, o, u, x, and X conversion specifiers, if a precision is
+    // specified, the '0' flag is ignored
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && arg.is_integral())
+      specs.fill[0] =
+          ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types or if '-' present.
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && arg.type() == detail::type::cstring_type) {
+      auto str = visit_format_arg(detail::get_cstring<Char>(), arg);
+      auto str_end = str + specs.precision;
+      auto nul = std::find(str, str_end, Char());
+      arg = detail::make_arg<basic_printf_context>(basic_string_view<Char>(
+          str,
+          detail::to_unsigned(nul != str_end ? nul - str : specs.precision)));
+    }
+    if (specs.alt && visit_format_arg(detail::is_zero_int(), arg))
+      specs.alt = false;
+    if (specs.fill[0] == '0') {
+      if (arg.is_arithmetic() && specs.align != align::left)
+        specs.align = align::numeric;
+      else
+        specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types or if '-'
+                              // flag is also present.
+    }
+
+    // Parse length and convert the argument to the required type.
+    c = it != end ? *it++ : 0;
+    char_type t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+    using detail::convert_arg;
+    switch (c) {
+    case 'h':
+      if (t == 'h') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<signed char>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<short>(arg, t);
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'l':
+      if (t == 'l') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<long long>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<long>(arg, t);
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'j':
+      convert_arg<intmax_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 'z':
+      convert_arg<size_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 't':
+      convert_arg<std::ptrdiff_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 'L':
+      // printf produces garbage when 'L' is omitted for long double, no
+      // need to do the same.
+      break;
+    default:
+      --it;
+      convert_arg<void>(arg, c);
+    }
+
+    // Parse type.
+    if (it == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format string"));
+    specs.type = static_cast<char>(*it++);
+    if (arg.is_integral()) {
+      // Normalize type.
+      switch (specs.type) {
+      case 'i':
+      case 'u':
+        specs.type = 'd';
+        break;
+      case 'c':
+        visit_format_arg(detail::char_converter<basic_printf_context>(arg),
+                         arg);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    start = it;
+
+    // Format argument.
+    out = visit_format_arg(
+        detail::printf_arg_formatter<OutputIt, Char>(out, specs, *this), arg);
+  }
+  return detail::write(
+      out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, detail::to_unsigned(it - start)));
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+using basic_printf_context_t =
+    basic_printf_context<detail::buffer_appender<Char>, Char>;
+
+using printf_context = basic_printf_context_t<char>;
+using wprintf_context = basic_printf_context_t<wchar_t>;
+
+using printf_args = basic_format_args<printf_context>;
+using wprintf_args = basic_format_args<wprintf_context>;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::printf_args`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto make_printf_args(const T&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<printf_context, T...> {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::wprintf_args`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto make_wprintf_args(const T&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<wprintf_context, T...> {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto vsprintf(
+    const S& fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  vprintf(buffer, to_string_view(fmt), args);
+  return to_string(buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string message = fmt::sprintf("The answer is %d", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<detail::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline auto sprintf(const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
+  return vsprintf(to_string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args<context>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto vfprintf(
+    std::FILE* f, const S& fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> int {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  vprintf(buffer, to_string_view(fmt), args);
+  size_t size = buffer.size();
+  return std::fwrite(buffer.data(), sizeof(Char), size, f) < size
+             ? -1
+             : static_cast<int>(size);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the file *f*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::fprintf(stderr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... T, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto fprintf(std::FILE* f, const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
+  return vfprintf(f, to_string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args<context>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto vprintf(
+    const S& fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> int {
+  return vfprintf(stdout, to_string_view(fmt), args);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline auto printf(const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
+  return vprintf(to_string_view(fmt),
+                 fmt::make_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<char_t<S>>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto vfprintf(
+    std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> int {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  vprintf(buffer, to_string_view(fmt), args);
+  os.write(buffer.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(buffer.size()));
+  return static_cast<int>(buffer.size());
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::fprintf(cerr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... T, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto fprintf(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& fmt,
+                    const T&... args) -> int {
+  return vfprintf(os, to_string_view(fmt),
+                  fmt::make_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_PRINTF_H_
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - experimental range support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2018 - present, Remotion (Igor Schulz)
+// All Rights Reserved
+// {fmt} support for ranges, containers and types tuple interface.
+
+#ifndef FMT_RANGES_H_
+#define FMT_RANGES_H_
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char> struct formatting_base {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct formatting_range : formatting_base<Char> {
+#ifdef FMT_DEPRECATED_BRACED_RANGES
+  Char prefix = '{';
+  Char postfix = '}';
+#else
+  Char prefix = '[';
+  Char postfix = ']';
+#endif
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct formatting_tuple : formatting_base<Char> {
+  Char prefix = '(';
+  Char postfix = ')';
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename RangeT, typename OutputIterator>
+OutputIterator copy(const RangeT& range, OutputIterator out) {
+  for (auto it = range.begin(), end = range.end(); it != end; ++it)
+    *out++ = *it;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIterator>
+OutputIterator copy(const char* str, OutputIterator out) {
+  while (*str) *out++ = *str++;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIterator>
+OutputIterator copy(char ch, OutputIterator out) {
+  *out++ = ch;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIterator>
+OutputIterator copy(wchar_t ch, OutputIterator out) {
+  *out++ = ch;
+  return out;
+}
+
+/// Return true value if T has std::string interface, like std::string_view.
+template <typename T> class is_std_string_like {
+  template <typename U>
+  static auto check(U* p)
+      -> decltype((void)p->find('a'), p->length(), (void)p->data(), int());
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
+      is_string<T>::value || !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_std_string_like<fmt::basic_string_view<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename... Ts> struct conditional_helper {};
+
+template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_range_ : std::false_type {};
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VER || FMT_MSC_VER > 1800
+
+#  define FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(val)  \
+    ->decltype(val) { return val; } \
+    static_assert(                  \
+        true, "")  // This makes it so that a semicolon is required after the
+                   // macro, which helps clang-format handle the formatting.
+
+// C array overload
+template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+auto range_begin(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
+  return arr;
+}
+template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+auto range_end(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
+  return arr + N;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T, void_t<decltype(std::declval<T>().begin()),
+                                           decltype(std::declval<T>().end())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+// Member function overload
+template <typename T>
+auto range_begin(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).begin());
+template <typename T>
+auto range_end(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).end());
+
+// ADL overload. Only participates in overload resolution if member functions
+// are not found.
+template <typename T>
+auto range_begin(T&& rng)
+    -> enable_if_t<!has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T&&>::value,
+                   decltype(begin(static_cast<T&&>(rng)))> {
+  return begin(static_cast<T&&>(rng));
+}
+template <typename T>
+auto range_end(T&& rng) -> enable_if_t<!has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T&&>::value,
+                                       decltype(end(static_cast<T&&>(rng)))> {
+  return end(static_cast<T&&>(rng));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_const_begin_end : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_mutable_begin_end : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_const_begin_end<
+    T, void_t<decltype(detail::range_begin(
+                  std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>())),
+              decltype(detail::range_begin(
+                  std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>()))>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_mutable_begin_end<
+    T, void_t<decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<T>())),
+              decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<T>())),
+              enable_if_t<std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value>>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_range_<T, void>
+    : std::integral_constant<bool, (has_const_begin_end<T>::value ||
+                                    has_mutable_begin_end<T>::value)> {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct range_to_view;
+template <typename T>
+struct range_to_view<T, enable_if_t<has_const_begin_end<T>::value>> {
+  struct view_t {
+    const T* m_range_ptr;
+
+    auto begin() const FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(detail::range_begin(*m_range_ptr));
+    auto end() const FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(detail::range_end(*m_range_ptr));
+  };
+  static auto view(const T& range) -> view_t { return {&range}; }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct range_to_view<T, enable_if_t<!has_const_begin_end<T>::value &&
+                                    has_mutable_begin_end<T>::value>> {
+  struct view_t {
+    T m_range_copy;
+
+    auto begin() FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(detail::range_begin(m_range_copy));
+    auto end() FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(detail::range_end(m_range_copy));
+  };
+  static auto view(const T& range) -> view_t { return {range}; }
+};
+#  undef FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN
+#endif
+
+/// tuple_size and tuple_element check.
+template <typename T> class is_tuple_like_ {
+  template <typename U>
+  static auto check(U* p) -> decltype(std::tuple_size<U>::value, int());
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+// Check for integer_sequence
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_integer_sequence) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+template <typename T, T... N>
+using integer_sequence = std::integer_sequence<T, N...>;
+template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = std::index_sequence<N...>;
+template <size_t N> using make_index_sequence = std::make_index_sequence<N>;
+#else
+template <typename T, T... N> struct integer_sequence {
+  using value_type = T;
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR size_t size() { return sizeof...(N); }
+};
+
+template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = integer_sequence<size_t, N...>;
+
+template <typename T, size_t N, T... Ns>
+struct make_integer_sequence : make_integer_sequence<T, N - 1, N - 1, Ns...> {};
+template <typename T, T... Ns>
+struct make_integer_sequence<T, 0, Ns...> : integer_sequence<T, Ns...> {};
+
+template <size_t N>
+using make_index_sequence = make_integer_sequence<size_t, N>;
+#endif
+
+template <class Tuple, class F, size_t... Is>
+void for_each(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple&& tup, F&& f) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  using std::get;
+  // using free function get<I>(T) now.
+  const int _[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(tup)), 0)...};
+  (void)_;  // blocks warnings
+}
+
+template <class T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value> get_indexes(
+    T const&) {
+  return {};
+}
+
+template <class Tuple, class F> void for_each(Tuple&& tup, F&& f) {
+  const auto indexes = get_indexes(tup);
+  for_each(indexes, std::forward<Tuple>(tup), std::forward<F>(f));
+}
+
+template <typename Range>
+using value_type =
+    remove_cvref_t<decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<Range>()))>;
+
+template <typename OutputIt> OutputIt write_delimiter(OutputIt out) {
+  *out++ = ',';
+  *out++ = ' ';
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <
+    typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Arg,
+    FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_std_string_like<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value)>
+OutputIt write_range_entry(OutputIt out, const Arg& v) {
+  *out++ = '"';
+  out = write<Char>(out, v);
+  *out++ = '"';
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Arg,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Arg, Char>::value)>
+OutputIt write_range_entry(OutputIt out, const Arg v) {
+  *out++ = '\'';
+  *out++ = v;
+  *out++ = '\'';
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <
+    typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Arg,
+    FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_std_string_like<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<Arg, Char>::value)>
+OutputIt write_range_entry(OutputIt out, const Arg& v) {
+  return write<Char>(out, v);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T> struct is_tuple_like {
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
+      detail::is_tuple_like_<T>::value && !detail::is_range_<T>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename TupleT, typename Char>
+struct formatter<TupleT, Char, enable_if_t<fmt::is_tuple_like<TupleT>::value>> {
+ private:
+  // C++11 generic lambda for format()
+  template <typename FormatContext> struct format_each {
+    template <typename T> void operator()(const T& v) {
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::write_delimiter(out);
+      out = detail::write_range_entry<Char>(out, v);
+      ++i;
+    }
+    formatting_tuple<Char>& formatting;
+    size_t& i;
+    typename std::add_lvalue_reference<
+        decltype(std::declval<FormatContext>().out())>::type out;
+  };
+
+ public:
+  formatting_tuple<Char> formatting;
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return formatting.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext = format_context>
+  auto format(const TupleT& values, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    size_t i = 0;
+
+    detail::copy(formatting.prefix, out);
+    detail::for_each(values, format_each<FormatContext>{formatting, i, out});
+    detail::copy(formatting.postfix, out);
+
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct is_range {
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
+      detail::is_range_<T>::value && !detail::is_std_string_like<T>::value &&
+      !std::is_convertible<T, std::basic_string<Char>>::value &&
+      !std::is_constructible<detail::std_string_view<Char>, T>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    T, Char,
+    enable_if_t<
+        fmt::is_range<T, Char>::value
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2017 and earlier.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VER || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1927
+        && (has_formatter<detail::value_type<T>, format_context>::value ||
+            detail::has_fallback_formatter<detail::value_type<T>, Char>::value)
+#endif
+        >> {
+  formatting_range<Char> formatting;
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return formatting.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  typename FormatContext::iterator format(const T& values, FormatContext& ctx) {
+    auto out = detail::copy(formatting.prefix, ctx.out());
+    size_t i = 0;
+    auto view = detail::range_to_view<T>::view(values);
+    auto it = view.begin();
+    auto end = view.end();
+    for (; it != end; ++it) {
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::write_delimiter(out);
+      out = detail::write_range_entry<Char>(out, *it);
+      ++i;
+    }
+    return detail::copy(formatting.postfix, out);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T> struct tuple_arg_join : detail::view {
+  const std::tuple<T...>& tuple;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  tuple_arg_join(const std::tuple<T...>& t, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : tuple(t), sep{s} {}
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+struct formatter<tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  typename FormatContext::iterator format(
+      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx) {
+    return format(value, ctx, detail::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(T)>{});
+  }
+
+ private:
+  template <typename FormatContext, size_t... N>
+  typename FormatContext::iterator format(
+      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
+      detail::index_sequence<N...>) {
+    return format_args(value, ctx, std::get<N>(value.tuple)...);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  typename FormatContext::iterator format_args(
+      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>&, FormatContext& ctx) {
+    // NOTE: for compilers that support C++17, this empty function instantiation
+    // can be replaced with a constexpr branch in the variadic overload.
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext, typename Arg, typename... Args>
+  typename FormatContext::iterator format_args(
+      const tuple_arg_join<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
+      const Arg& arg, const Args&... args) {
+    using base = formatter<typename std::decay<Arg>::type, Char>;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = base{}.format(arg, ctx);
+    if (sizeof...(Args) > 0) {
+      out = std::copy(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
+      ctx.advance_to(out);
+      return format_args(value, ctx, args...);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an object that formats `tuple` with elements separated by `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::tuple<int, char> t = {1, 'a'};
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(t, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, a"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR tuple_arg_join<char, T...> join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple,
+                                              string_view sep) {
+  return {tuple, sep};
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR tuple_arg_join<wchar_t, T...> join(
+    const std::tuple<T...>& tuple, basic_string_view<wchar_t> sep) {
+  return {tuple, sep};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an object that formats `initializer_list` with elements separated by
+  `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join({1, 2, 3}, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T>
+join_view<const T*, const T*> join(std::initializer_list<T> list,
+                                   string_view sep) {
+  return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_RANGES_H_
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - optional wchar_t and exotic character support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_WCHAR_H_
+#define FMT_WCHAR_H_
+
+#include <cwchar>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T>
+using is_exotic_char = bool_constant<!std::is_same<T, char>::value>;
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+using wstring_view = basic_string_view<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_context = buffer_context<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_args = basic_format_args<wformat_context>;
+using wmemory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t>;
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+// Workaround broken conversion on older gcc.
+template <typename... Args> using wformat_string = wstring_view;
+#else
+template <typename... Args>
+using wformat_string = basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
+#endif
+
+template <typename... Args>
+constexpr format_arg_store<wformat_context, Args...> make_wformat_args(
+    const Args&... args) {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+inline namespace literals {
+constexpr auto operator"" _format(const wchar_t* s, size_t n)
+    -> detail::udl_formatter<wchar_t> {
+  return {{s, n}};
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS && !FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS
+constexpr detail::udl_arg<wchar_t> operator"" _a(const wchar_t* s, size_t) {
+  return {s};
+}
+#endif
+}  // namespace literals
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
+auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, wstring_view sep)
+    -> join_view<It, Sentinel, wchar_t> {
+  return {begin, end, sep};
+}
+
+template <typename Range>
+auto join(Range&& range, wstring_view sep)
+    -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>,
+                 wchar_t> {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, wstring_view sep)
+    -> join_view<const T*, const T*, wchar_t> {
+  return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
+    const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  return detail::vformat(loc, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+                                      Args&&... args) {
+  return detail::vformat(loc, to_string_view(format_str),
+                         fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const S& format_str,
+                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const S& fmt, Args&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(fmt, args...);
+  return vformat_to(out, to_string_view(fmt), vargs);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char, size_t SIZE,
+          typename Allocator, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_DEPRECATED auto format_to(basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE, Allocator>& buf,
+                              const S& format_str, Args&&... args) ->
+    typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), vargs);
+  return detail::buffer_appender<Char>(buf);
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename S, typename OutputIt, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
+                                detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline OutputIt vformat_to(
+    OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+}
+
+template <
+    typename OutputIt, typename Locale, typename S, typename... Args,
+    typename Char = char_t<S>,
+    bool enable = detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+        detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&& detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+                      Args&&... args) ->
+    typename std::enable_if<enable, OutputIt>::type {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...);
+  return vformat_to(out, loc, to_string_view(format_str), vargs);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto vformat_to_n(
+    OutputIt out, size_t n, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, Char, detail::fixed_buffer_traits> buf(out,
+                                                                           n);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, format_str, args);
+  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, const S& fmt,
+                        const Args&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(fmt, args...);
+  return vformat_to_n(out, n, to_string_view(fmt), vargs);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto formatted_size(const S& fmt, Args&&... args) -> size_t {
+  detail::counting_buffer<Char> buf;
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(fmt, args...);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(fmt), vargs);
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+inline void vprint(std::FILE* f, wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
+  wmemory_buffer buffer;
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  buffer.push_back(L'\0');
+  if (std::fputws(buffer.data(), f) == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+}
+
+inline void vprint(wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
+  vprint(stdout, fmt, args);
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+void print(std::FILE* f, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return vprint(f, wstring_view(fmt), make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename... T> void print(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return vprint(wstring_view(fmt), make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  Converts *value* to ``std::wstring`` using the default format for type *T*.
+ */
+template <typename T> inline std::wstring to_wstring(const T& value) {
+  return format(FMT_STRING(L"{}"), value);
+}
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_WCHAR_H_
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+module;
+// put all implementation-provided headers into the global module fragment
+// to prevent attachment to this module
+#if !defined(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#endif
+#if !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN) && defined(_WIN32)
+#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <climits>
+#include <clocale>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <cwchar>
+#include <exception>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <locale>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if _MSC_VER
+#  include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+#if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#  include <xlocale.h>
+#endif
+#if __has_include(<winapifamily.h>)
+#  include <winapifamily.h>
+#endif
+#if (__has_include(<fcntl.h>) || defined(__APPLE__) || \
+     defined(__linux__)) &&                            \
+    (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) || (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
+#  include <fcntl.h>
+#  include <sys/stat.h>
+#  include <sys/types.h>
+#  ifndef _WIN32
+#    include <unistd.h>
+#  else
+#    include <io.h>
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+export module fmt;
+
+#define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT export
+#define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN export {
+#define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END }
+#define FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE \
+  }                                \
+  namespace detail {
+#define FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE \
+  }                              \
+  export {
+
+#if defined(_MSC_FULL_VER) && _MSC_FULL_VER > 192930036
+#define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS 0
+#endif
+
+// all library-provided declarations and definitions
+// must be in the module purview to be exported
+#include "fmt/args.h"
+#include "fmt/chrono.h"
+#include "fmt/color.h"
+#include "fmt/compile.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "fmt/os.h"
+#include "fmt/printf.h"
+#include "fmt/xchar.h"
+
+// gcc doesn't yet implement private module fragments
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION
+module : private;
+#endif
+
+#include "format.cc"
+#include "os.cc"
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Formatting library for C++
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include "fmt/format-inl.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+int format_float(char* buf, std::size_t size, const char* format, int precision,
+                 T value) {
+#ifdef FMT_FUZZ
+  if (precision > 100000)
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        "fuzz mode - avoid large allocation inside snprintf");
+#endif
+  // Suppress the warning about nonliteral format string.
+  int (*snprintf_ptr)(char*, size_t, const char*, ...) = FMT_SNPRINTF;
+  return precision < 0 ? snprintf_ptr(buf, size, format, value)
+                       : snprintf_ptr(buf, size, format, precision, value);
+}
+
+template FMT_API dragonbox::decimal_fp<float> dragonbox::to_decimal(float x)
+    FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+template FMT_API dragonbox::decimal_fp<double> dragonbox::to_decimal(double x)
+    FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC2013 that prevents instantiation of format_float.
+int (*instantiate_format_float)(double, int, detail::float_specs,
+                                detail::buffer<char>&) = detail::format_float;
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+template FMT_API detail::locale_ref::locale_ref(const std::locale& loc);
+template FMT_API std::locale detail::locale_ref::get<std::locale>() const;
+#endif
+
+// Explicit instantiations for char.
+
+template FMT_API std::string detail::grouping_impl<char>(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API char detail::thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API char detail::decimal_point_impl(locale_ref);
+
+template FMT_API void detail::buffer<char>::append(const char*, const char*);
+
+template FMT_API void detail::vformat_to(
+    detail::buffer<char>&, string_view,
+    basic_format_args<FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(char)>, detail::locale_ref);
+
+template FMT_API int detail::snprintf_float(double, int, detail::float_specs,
+                                            detail::buffer<char>&);
+template FMT_API int detail::snprintf_float(long double, int,
+                                            detail::float_specs,
+                                            detail::buffer<char>&);
+template FMT_API int detail::format_float(double, int, detail::float_specs,
+                                          detail::buffer<char>&);
+template FMT_API int detail::format_float(long double, int, detail::float_specs,
+                                          detail::buffer<char>&);
+
+// Explicit instantiations for wchar_t.
+
+template FMT_API std::string detail::grouping_impl<wchar_t>(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API wchar_t detail::thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API wchar_t detail::decimal_point_impl(locale_ref);
+
+template FMT_API void detail::buffer<wchar_t>::append(const wchar_t*,
+                                                      const wchar_t*);
+
+template struct detail::basic_data<void>;
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - optional OS-specific functionality
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+// Disable bogus MSVC warnings.
+#if !defined(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#endif
+
+#include "fmt/os.h"
+
+#include <climits>
+
+#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+#  include <sys/stat.h>
+#  include <sys/types.h>
+
+#  ifndef _WIN32
+#    include <unistd.h>
+#  else
+#    ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#      define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#    endif
+#    include <io.h>
+
+#    define O_CREAT _O_CREAT
+#    define O_TRUNC _O_TRUNC
+
+#    ifndef S_IRUSR
+#      define S_IRUSR _S_IREAD
+#    endif
+
+#    ifndef S_IWUSR
+#      define S_IWUSR _S_IWRITE
+#    endif
+
+#    ifdef __MINGW32__
+#      define _SH_DENYNO 0x40
+#    endif
+#  endif  // _WIN32
+#endif    // FMT_USE_FCNTL
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef fileno
+#  undef fileno
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// Return type of read and write functions.
+using rwresult = int;
+
+// On Windows the count argument to read and write is unsigned, so convert
+// it from size_t preventing integer overflow.
+inline unsigned convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) {
+  return count <= UINT_MAX ? static_cast<unsigned>(count) : UINT_MAX;
+}
+#elif FMT_USE_FCNTL
+// Return type of read and write functions.
+using rwresult = ssize_t;
+
+inline std::size_t convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) { return count; }
+#endif
+}  // namespace
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+detail::utf16_to_utf8::utf16_to_utf8(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s) {
+  if (int error_code = convert(s)) {
+    FMT_THROW(windows_error(error_code,
+                            "cannot convert string from UTF-16 to UTF-8"));
+  }
+}
+
+int detail::utf16_to_utf8::convert(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s) {
+  if (s.size() > INT_MAX) return ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
+  int s_size = static_cast<int>(s.size());
+  if (s_size == 0) {
+    // WideCharToMultiByte does not support zero length, handle separately.
+    buffer_.resize(1);
+    buffer_[0] = 0;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  int length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, nullptr, 0,
+                                   nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (length == 0) return GetLastError();
+  buffer_.resize(length + 1);
+  length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, &buffer_[0],
+                               length, nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (length == 0) return GetLastError();
+  buffer_[length] = 0;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+class system_message {
+  system_message(const system_message&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const system_message&) = delete;
+
+  unsigned long result_;
+  wchar_t* message_;
+
+  static bool is_whitespace(wchar_t c) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return c == L' ' || c == L'\n' || c == L'\r' || c == L'\t' || c == L'\0';
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit system_message(unsigned long error_code)
+      : result_(0), message_(nullptr) {
+    result_ = FormatMessageW(
+        FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+            FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+        nullptr, error_code, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+        reinterpret_cast<wchar_t*>(&message_), 0, nullptr);
+    if (result_ != 0) {
+      while (result_ != 0 && is_whitespace(message_[result_ - 1])) {
+        --result_;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  ~system_message() { LocalFree(message_); }
+  explicit operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return result_ != 0; }
+  operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return basic_string_view<wchar_t>(message_, result_);
+  }
+};
+
+class utf8_system_category final : public std::error_category {
+ public:
+  const char* name() const FMT_NOEXCEPT override { return "system"; }
+  std::string message(int error_code) const override {
+    system_message msg(error_code);
+    if (msg) {
+      utf16_to_utf8 utf8_message;
+      if (utf8_message.convert(msg) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        return utf8_message.str();
+      }
+    }
+    return "unknown error";
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  static const detail::utf8_system_category category;
+  return category;
+}
+
+std::system_error vwindows_error(int err_code, string_view format_str,
+                                 format_args args) {
+  auto ec = std::error_code(err_code, system_category());
+  return std::system_error(ec, vformat(format_str, args));
+}
+
+void detail::format_windows_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  FMT_TRY {
+    system_message msg(error_code);
+    if (msg) {
+      utf16_to_utf8 utf8_message;
+      if (utf8_message.convert(msg) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        format_to(buffer_appender<char>(out), "{}: {}", message, utf8_message);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  format_error_code(out, error_code, message);
+}
+
+void report_windows_error(int error_code, const char* message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  report_error(detail::format_windows_error, error_code, message);
+}
+#endif  // _WIN32
+
+buffered_file::~buffered_file() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  if (file_ && FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_)) != 0)
+    report_system_error(errno, "cannot close file");
+}
+
+buffered_file::buffered_file(cstring_view filename, cstring_view mode) {
+  FMT_RETRY_VAL(file_, FMT_SYSTEM(fopen(filename.c_str(), mode.c_str())),
+                nullptr);
+  if (!file_)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot open file {}", filename.c_str()));
+}
+
+void buffered_file::close() {
+  if (!file_) return;
+  int result = FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_));
+  file_ = nullptr;
+  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
+}
+
+// A macro used to prevent expansion of fileno on broken versions of MinGW.
+#define FMT_ARGS
+
+int buffered_file::fileno() const {
+  int fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fileno FMT_ARGS(file_));
+  if (fd == -1) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get file descriptor"));
+  return fd;
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+file::file(cstring_view path, int oflag) {
+  int mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+  fd_ = -1;
+  FMT_POSIX_CALL(sopen_s(&fd_, path.c_str(), oflag, _SH_DENYNO, mode));
+#  else
+  FMT_RETRY(fd_, FMT_POSIX_CALL(open(path.c_str(), oflag, mode)));
+#  endif
+  if (fd_ == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot open file {}", path.c_str()));
+}
+
+file::~file() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
+  // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
+  if (fd_ != -1 && FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_)) != 0)
+    report_system_error(errno, "cannot close file");
+}
+
+void file::close() {
+  if (fd_ == -1) return;
+  // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
+  // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_));
+  fd_ = -1;
+  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
+}
+
+long long file::size() const {
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  // Use GetFileSize instead of GetFileSizeEx for the case when _WIN32_WINNT
+  // is less than 0x0500 as is the case with some default MinGW builds.
+  // Both functions support large file sizes.
+  DWORD size_upper = 0;
+  HANDLE handle = reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(_get_osfhandle(fd_));
+  DWORD size_lower = FMT_SYSTEM(GetFileSize(handle, &size_upper));
+  if (size_lower == INVALID_FILE_SIZE) {
+    DWORD error = GetLastError();
+    if (error != NO_ERROR)
+      FMT_THROW(windows_error(GetLastError(), "cannot get file size"));
+  }
+  unsigned long long long_size = size_upper;
+  return (long_size << sizeof(DWORD) * CHAR_BIT) | size_lower;
+#  else
+  using Stat = struct stat;
+  Stat file_stat = Stat();
+  if (FMT_POSIX_CALL(fstat(fd_, &file_stat)) == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get file attributes"));
+  static_assert(sizeof(long long) >= sizeof(file_stat.st_size),
+                "return type of file::size is not large enough");
+  return file_stat.st_size;
+#  endif
+}
+
+std::size_t file::read(void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
+  rwresult result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(read(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
+  if (result < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot read from file"));
+  return detail::to_unsigned(result);
+}
+
+std::size_t file::write(const void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
+  rwresult result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(write(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
+  if (result < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+  return detail::to_unsigned(result);
+}
+
+file file::dup(int fd) {
+  // Don't retry as dup doesn't return EINTR.
+  // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/dup.html
+  int new_fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup(fd));
+  if (new_fd == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot duplicate file descriptor {}", fd));
+  return file(new_fd);
+}
+
+void file::dup2(int fd) {
+  int result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
+  if (result == -1) {
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}",
+                           fd_, fd));
+  }
+}
+
+void file::dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  int result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
+  if (result == -1) ec = std::error_code(errno, std::generic_category());
+}
+
+void file::pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end) {
+  // Close the descriptors first to make sure that assignments don't throw
+  // and there are no leaks.
+  read_end.close();
+  write_end.close();
+  int fds[2] = {};
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  // Make the default pipe capacity same as on Linux 2.6.11+.
+  enum { DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 65536 };
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds, DEFAULT_CAPACITY, _O_BINARY));
+#  else
+  // Don't retry as the pipe function doesn't return EINTR.
+  // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696799/functions/pipe.html
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds));
+#  endif
+  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot create pipe"));
+  // The following assignments don't throw because read_fd and write_fd
+  // are closed.
+  read_end = file(fds[0]);
+  write_end = file(fds[1]);
+}
+
+buffered_file file::fdopen(const char* mode) {
+// Don't retry as fdopen doesn't return EINTR.
+#  if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(_POSIX_)
+  FILE* f = ::fdopen(fd_, mode);
+#  else
+  FILE* f = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fdopen(fd_, mode));
+#  endif
+  if (!f)
+    FMT_THROW(
+        system_error(errno, "cannot associate stream with file descriptor"));
+  buffered_file bf(f);
+  fd_ = -1;
+  return bf;
+}
+
+long getpagesize() {
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  SYSTEM_INFO si;
+  GetSystemInfo(&si);
+  return si.dwPageSize;
+#  else
+  long size = FMT_POSIX_CALL(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
+  if (size < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get memory page size"));
+  return size;
+#  endif
+}
+
+FMT_API void ostream::grow(size_t) {
+  if (this->size() == this->capacity()) flush();
+}
+#endif  // FMT_USE_FCNTL
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
+include $(CLEAR_VARS)
+
+LOCAL_MODULE := fmt_static
+LOCAL_MODULE_FILENAME := libfmt
+
+LOCAL_SRC_FILES := ../src/format.cc
+
+LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)
+LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)
+
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += -std=c++11 -fexceptions
+
+include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)
+
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<manifest package="net.fmtlib" />
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+This directory contains build support files such as
+
+* CMake modules
+* Build scripts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+# vi: set ft=ruby :
+
+# A vagrant config for testing against gcc-4.8.
+Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
+  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/xenial64"
+  config.disksize.size = '15GB'
+
+  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
+    vb.memory = "4096"
+  end
+
+  config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
+    apt-get update
+    apt-get install -y g++ make wget git
+    wget -q https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v3.14.4/cmake-3.14.4-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
+    tar xzf cmake-3.14.4-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
+    ln -s `pwd`/cmake-3.14.4-Linux-x86_64/bin/cmake /usr/local/bin
+  SHELL
+end
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Build the project on AppVeyor.
+
+import os
+from subprocess import check_call
+
+build = os.environ['BUILD']
+config = os.environ['CONFIGURATION']
+platform = os.environ['PLATFORM']
+path = os.environ['PATH']
+image = os.environ['APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE']
+jobid = os.environ['APPVEYOR_JOB_ID']
+cmake_command = ['cmake', '-DFMT_PEDANTIC=ON', '-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=' + config, '..']
+if build == 'mingw':
+    cmake_command.append('-GMinGW Makefiles')
+    build_command = ['mingw32-make', '-j4']
+    test_command = ['mingw32-make', 'test']
+    # Remove the path to Git bin directory from $PATH because it breaks
+    # MinGW config.
+    path = path.replace(r'C:\Program Files (x86)\Git\bin', '')
+    os.environ['PATH'] = r'C:\MinGW\bin;' + path
+else:
+    # Add MSBuild 14.0 to PATH as described in
+    # http://help.appveyor.com/discussions/problems/2229-v140-not-found-on-vs2105rc.
+    os.environ['PATH'] = r'C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\15.0\Bin;' + path
+    if image == 'Visual Studio 2019':
+        generator = 'Visual Studio 16 2019'
+        if platform == 'x64':
+            cmake_command.extend(['-A', 'x64'])
+    else:
+        if image == 'Visual Studio 2015':
+            generator = 'Visual Studio 14 2015'
+        elif image == 'Visual Studio 2017':
+            generator = 'Visual Studio 15 2017'
+        if platform == 'x64':
+            generator += ' Win64'
+    cmake_command.append('-G' + generator)
+    build_command = ['cmake', '--build', '.', '--config', config, '--', '/m:4']
+    test_command = ['ctest', '-C', config]
+
+check_call(cmake_command)
+check_call(build_command)
+check_call(test_command)
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+configuration:
+  - Debug
+  - Release
+
+clone_depth: 1
+
+image:
+  - Visual Studio 2015
+
+platform:
+  - x64
+
+environment:
+  CTEST_OUTPUT_ON_FAILURE: 1
+  MSVC_DEFAULT_OPTIONS: ON
+  BUILD: msvc
+
+before_build:
+ - mkdir build
+ - cd build
+
+build_script:
+  - python ../support/appveyor-build.py
+
+on_failure:
+  - appveyor PushArtifact Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log
+  - appveyor AddTest test
+
+# Uncomment this to debug AppVeyor failures.
+#on_finish:
+#  - ps: $blockRdp = $true; iex ((new-object net.webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/appveyor/ci/master/scripts/enable-rdp.ps1'))
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Build the documentation in CI.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import errno, os, shutil, subprocess, sys, urllib
+from subprocess import call, check_call, Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
+
+def rmtree_if_exists(dir):
+    try:
+        shutil.rmtree(dir)
+    except OSError as e:
+        if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+            pass
+
+# Build the docs.
+fmt_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(fmt_dir, 'doc'))
+import build
+build.create_build_env()
+html_dir = build.build_docs()
+
+repo = 'fmtlib.github.io'
+branch = os.environ['GITHUB_REF']
+is_ci = 'CI' in os.environ
+if is_ci and branch != 'refs/heads/master':
+    print('Branch: ' + branch)
+    exit(0) # Ignore non-master branches
+if is_ci and 'KEY' not in os.environ:
+    # Don't update the repo if building in CI from an account that doesn't have
+    # push access.
+    print('Skipping update of ' + repo)
+    exit(0)
+
+# Clone the fmtlib.github.io repo.
+rmtree_if_exists(repo)
+git_url = 'https://github.com/' if is_ci else 'git@github.com:'
+check_call(['git', 'clone', git_url + 'fmtlib/{}.git'.format(repo)])
+
+# Copy docs to the repo.
+target_dir = os.path.join(repo, 'dev')
+rmtree_if_exists(target_dir)
+shutil.copytree(html_dir, target_dir, ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('.*'))
+if is_ci:
+    check_call(['git', 'config', '--global', 'user.name', 'fmtbot'])
+    check_call(['git', 'config', '--global', 'user.email', 'viz@fmt.dev'])
+
+# Push docs to GitHub pages.
+check_call(['git', 'add', '--all'], cwd=repo)
+if call(['git', 'diff-index', '--quiet', 'HEAD'], cwd=repo):
+    check_call(['git', 'commit', '-m', 'Update documentation'], cwd=repo)
+    cmd = 'git push'
+    if is_ci:
+        cmd += ' https://$KEY@github.com/fmtlib/fmtlib.github.io.git master'
+    p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, cwd=repo)
+    # Print the output without the key.
+    print(p.communicate()[0].replace(os.environ['KEY'], '$KEY'))
+    if p.returncode != 0:
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(p.returncode, cmd)
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import java.nio.file.Paths
+
+// General gradle arguments for root project
+buildscript {    
+    repositories {
+        google()
+        jcenter()
+    }
+    dependencies {
+        //
+        // https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/gradle-plugin#updating-gradle
+        //
+        // Notice that 4.0.0 here is the version of [Android Gradle Plugin]
+        // Accroding to URL above you will need Gradle 6.1 or higher
+        //
+        classpath "com.android.tools.build:gradle:4.1.1"
+    }
+}
+repositories {
+    google()
+    jcenter()
+}
+
+// Project's root where CMakeLists.txt exists: rootDir/support/.cxx -> rootDir
+def rootDir = Paths.get(project.buildDir.getParent()).getParent()
+println("rootDir: ${rootDir}")
+
+// Output: Shared library (.so) for Android 
+apply plugin: "com.android.library"
+android {
+    compileSdkVersion 25    // Android 7.0
+
+    // Target ABI
+    //  - This option controls target platform of module
+    //  - The platform might be limited by compiler's support
+    //    some can work with Clang(default), but some can work only with GCC...
+    //    if bad, both toolchains might not support it
+    splits {
+        abi {
+            enable true
+            // Specify platforms for Application
+            reset()
+            include  "arm64-v8a", "armeabi-v7a", "x86_64"
+        }
+    }
+    ndkVersion "21.3.6528147" // ANDROID_NDK_HOME is deprecated. Be explicit
+
+    defaultConfig {
+        minSdkVersion 21    // Android 5.0+
+        targetSdkVersion 25 // Follow Compile SDK
+        versionCode 34      // Follow release count
+        versionName "7.1.2" // Follow Official version
+        
+        externalNativeBuild {
+            cmake {
+                arguments "-DANDROID_STL=c++_shared"    // Specify Android STL
+                arguments "-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=true"    // Build shared object
+                arguments "-DFMT_TEST=false"            // Skip test
+                arguments "-DFMT_DOC=false"             // Skip document
+                cppFlags  "-std=c++17"
+                targets   "fmt"
+            }
+        }
+        println(externalNativeBuild.cmake.cppFlags)
+        println(externalNativeBuild.cmake.arguments)
+    }
+
+    // External Native build
+    //  - Use existing CMakeList.txt
+    //  - Give path to CMake. This gradle file should be 
+    //    neighbor of the top level cmake
+    externalNativeBuild {
+        cmake {
+            version "3.10.0+"
+            path "${rootDir}/CMakeLists.txt"
+            // buildStagingDirectory "./build"  // Custom path for cmake output
+        }
+    }
+    
+    sourceSets{
+        // Android Manifest for Gradle
+        main {
+            manifest.srcFile "AndroidManifest.xml"
+        }
+    }
+
+    // https://developer.android.com/studio/build/native-dependencies#build_system_configuration
+    buildFeatures {
+        prefab true
+        prefabPublishing true
+    }
+    prefab {
+        fmt {
+            headers "${rootDir}/include"
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+assemble.doLast
+{
+    // Instead of `ninja install`, Gradle will deploy the files.
+    // We are doing this since FMT is dependent to the ANDROID_STL after build
+    copy {
+        from "build/intermediates/cmake"
+        into "${rootDir}/libs"
+    }
+    // Copy debug binaries
+    copy {
+        from "${rootDir}/libs/debug/obj"
+        into "${rootDir}/libs/debug"
+    }
+    // Copy Release binaries
+    copy {
+        from "${rootDir}/libs/release/obj"
+        into "${rootDir}/libs/release"
+    }
+    // Remove empty directory
+    delete "${rootDir}/libs/debug/obj"
+    delete "${rootDir}/libs/release/obj"
+
+    // Copy AAR files. Notice that the aar is named after the folder of this script.
+    copy {
+        from "build/outputs/aar/support-release.aar"
+        into "${rootDir}/libs"
+        rename "support-release.aar", "fmt-release.aar"
+    }
+    copy {
+        from "build/outputs/aar/support-debug.aar"
+        into "${rootDir}/libs"
+        rename "support-debug.aar", "fmt-debug.aar"
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# A CMake script to find SetEnv.cmd.
+
+find_program(WINSDK_SETENV NAMES SetEnv.cmd
+  PATHS "[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Microsoft SDKs\\Windows;CurrentInstallFolder]/bin")
+if (WINSDK_SETENV AND PRINT_PATH)
+  execute_process(COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E echo "${WINSDK_SETENV}")
+endif ()
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# This module provides function for joining paths
+# known from from most languages
+#
+# Original license:
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (MIT OR CC0-1.0)
+# Explicit permission given to distribute this module under
+# the terms of the project as described in /LICENSE.rst.
+# Copyright 2020 Jan Tojnar
+# https://github.com/jtojnar/cmake-snips
+#
+# Modelled after Python’s os.path.join
+# https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/os.path.html#os.path.join
+# Windows not supported
+function(join_paths joined_path first_path_segment)
+    set(temp_path "${first_path_segment}")
+    foreach(current_segment IN LISTS ARGN)
+        if(NOT ("${current_segment}" STREQUAL ""))
+            if(IS_ABSOLUTE "${current_segment}")
+                set(temp_path "${current_segment}")
+            else()
+                set(temp_path "${temp_path}/${current_segment}")
+            endif()
+        endif()
+    endforeach()
+    set(${joined_path} "${temp_path}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# C++14 feature support detection
+
+include(CheckCXXSourceCompiles)
+include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
+
+if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD)
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
+endif()
+message(STATUS "CXX_STANDARD: ${CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD}")
+
+if (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD EQUAL 20)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++20 has_std_20_flag)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++2a has_std_2a_flag)
+
+  if (has_std_20_flag)
+    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++20)
+  elseif (has_std_2a_flag)
+    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++2a)
+  endif ()
+elseif (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD EQUAL 17)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++17 has_std_17_flag)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++1z has_std_1z_flag)
+
+  if (has_std_17_flag)
+    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++17)
+  elseif (has_std_1z_flag)
+    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++1z)
+  endif ()
+elseif (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD EQUAL 14)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++14 has_std_14_flag)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++1y has_std_1y_flag)
+
+  if (has_std_14_flag)
+    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++14)
+  elseif (has_std_1y_flag)
+    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++1y)
+  endif ()
+elseif (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD EQUAL 11)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++11 has_std_11_flag)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-std=c++0x has_std_0x_flag)
+
+  if (has_std_11_flag)
+    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++11)
+  elseif (has_std_0x_flag)
+    set(CXX_STANDARD_FLAG -std=c++0x)
+  endif ()
+endif ()
+
+set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS ${CXX_STANDARD_FLAG})
+
+# Check if user-defined literals are available
+check_cxx_source_compiles("
+  void operator\"\" _udl(long double);
+  int main() {}"
+  SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS)
+if (NOT SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS)
+  set (SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS OFF)
+endif ()
+
+# Check if <variant> is available
+set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS -std=c++1z)
+check_cxx_source_compiles("
+  #include <variant>
+  int main() {}"
+  FMT_HAS_VARIANT)
+if (NOT FMT_HAS_VARIANT)
+  set (FMT_HAS_VARIANT OFF)
+endif ()
+
+set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS )
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+@PACKAGE_INIT@
+
+include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/@targets_export_name@.cmake)
+check_required_components(fmt)
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+prefix=@CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX@
+exec_prefix=@CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX@
+libdir=@libdir_for_pc_file@
+includedir=@includedir_for_pc_file@
+
+Name: fmt
+Description: A modern formatting library
+Version: @FMT_VERSION@
+Libs: -L${libdir} -l@FMT_LIB_NAME@
+Cflags: -I${includedir}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Compute 10 ** exp with exp in the range [min_exponent, max_exponent] and print
+# normalized (with most-significant bit equal to 1) significands in hexadecimal.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+min_exponent = -348
+max_exponent = 340
+step = 8
+significand_size = 64
+exp_offset = 2000
+
+class fp:
+    pass
+
+powers = []
+for i, exp in enumerate(range(min_exponent, max_exponent + 1, step)):
+    result = fp()
+    n = 10 ** exp if exp >= 0 else 2 ** exp_offset / 10 ** -exp
+    k = significand_size + 1
+    # Convert to binary and round.
+    binary = '{:b}'.format(n)
+    result.f = (int('{:0<{}}'.format(binary[:k], k), 2) + 1) / 2
+    result.e = len(binary) - (exp_offset if exp < 0 else 0) - significand_size
+    powers.append(result)
+    # Sanity check.
+    exp_offset10 = 400
+    actual = result.f * 10 ** exp_offset10
+    if result.e > 0:
+        actual *= 2 ** result.e
+    else:
+        for j in range(-result.e):
+            actual /= 2
+    expected = 10 ** (exp_offset10 + exp)
+    precision = len('{}'.format(expected)) - len('{}'.format(actual - expected))
+    if precision < 19:
+        print('low precision:', precision)
+        exit(1)
+
+print('Significands:', end='')
+for i, fp in enumerate(powers):
+    if i % 3 == 0:
+        print(end='\n ')
+    print(' {:0<#16x}'.format(fp.f, ), end=',')
+
+print('\n\nExponents:', end='')
+for i, fp in enumerate(powers):
+    if i % 11 == 0:
+        print(end='\n ')
+    print(' {:5}'.format(fp.e), end=',')
+
+print('\n\nMax exponent difference:',
+      max([x.e - powers[i - 1].e for i, x in enumerate(powers)][1:]))
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+"""Pythonic command-line interface parser that will make you smile.
+
+ * http://docopt.org
+ * Repository and issue-tracker: https://github.com/docopt/docopt
+ * Licensed under terms of MIT license (see LICENSE-MIT)
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Vladimir Keleshev, vladimir@keleshev.com
+
+"""
+import sys
+import re
+
+
+__all__ = ['docopt']
+__version__ = '0.6.1'
+
+
+class DocoptLanguageError(Exception):
+
+    """Error in construction of usage-message by developer."""
+
+
+class DocoptExit(SystemExit):
+
+    """Exit in case user invoked program with incorrect arguments."""
+
+    usage = ''
+
+    def __init__(self, message=''):
+        SystemExit.__init__(self, (message + '\n' + self.usage).strip())
+
+
+class Pattern(object):
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return repr(self) == repr(other)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def fix(self):
+        self.fix_identities()
+        self.fix_repeating_arguments()
+        return self
+
+    def fix_identities(self, uniq=None):
+        """Make pattern-tree tips point to same object if they are equal."""
+        if not hasattr(self, 'children'):
+            return self
+        uniq = list(set(self.flat())) if uniq is None else uniq
+        for i, child in enumerate(self.children):
+            if not hasattr(child, 'children'):
+                assert child in uniq
+                self.children[i] = uniq[uniq.index(child)]
+            else:
+                child.fix_identities(uniq)
+
+    def fix_repeating_arguments(self):
+        """Fix elements that should accumulate/increment values."""
+        either = [list(child.children) for child in transform(self).children]
+        for case in either:
+            for e in [child for child in case if case.count(child) > 1]:
+                if type(e) is Argument or type(e) is Option and e.argcount:
+                    if e.value is None:
+                        e.value = []
+                    elif type(e.value) is not list:
+                        e.value = e.value.split()
+                if type(e) is Command or type(e) is Option and e.argcount == 0:
+                    e.value = 0
+        return self
+
+
+def transform(pattern):
+    """Expand pattern into an (almost) equivalent one, but with single Either.
+
+    Example: ((-a | -b) (-c | -d)) => (-a -c | -a -d | -b -c | -b -d)
+    Quirks: [-a] => (-a), (-a...) => (-a -a)
+
+    """
+    result = []
+    groups = [[pattern]]
+    while groups:
+        children = groups.pop(0)
+        parents = [Required, Optional, OptionsShortcut, Either, OneOrMore]
+        if any(t in map(type, children) for t in parents):
+            child = [c for c in children if type(c) in parents][0]
+            children.remove(child)
+            if type(child) is Either:
+                for c in child.children:
+                    groups.append([c] + children)
+            elif type(child) is OneOrMore:
+                groups.append(child.children * 2 + children)
+            else:
+                groups.append(child.children + children)
+        else:
+            result.append(children)
+    return Either(*[Required(*e) for e in result])
+
+
+class LeafPattern(Pattern):
+
+    """Leaf/terminal node of a pattern tree."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, value=None):
+        self.name, self.value = name, value
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r, %r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name, self.value)
+
+    def flat(self, *types):
+        return [self] if not types or type(self) in types else []
+
+    def match(self, left, collected=None):
+        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
+        pos, match = self.single_match(left)
+        if match is None:
+            return False, left, collected
+        left_ = left[:pos] + left[pos + 1:]
+        same_name = [a for a in collected if a.name == self.name]
+        if type(self.value) in (int, list):
+            if type(self.value) is int:
+                increment = 1
+            else:
+                increment = ([match.value] if type(match.value) is str
+                             else match.value)
+            if not same_name:
+                match.value = increment
+                return True, left_, collected + [match]
+            same_name[0].value += increment
+            return True, left_, collected
+        return True, left_, collected + [match]
+
+
+class BranchPattern(Pattern):
+
+    """Branch/inner node of a pattern tree."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *children):
+        self.children = list(children)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                           ', '.join(repr(a) for a in self.children))
+
+    def flat(self, *types):
+        if type(self) in types:
+            return [self]
+        return sum([child.flat(*types) for child in self.children], [])
+
+
+class Argument(LeafPattern):
+
+    def single_match(self, left):
+        for n, pattern in enumerate(left):
+            if type(pattern) is Argument:
+                return n, Argument(self.name, pattern.value)
+        return None, None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(class_, source):
+        name = re.findall('(<\S*?>)', source)[0]
+        value = re.findall('\[default: (.*)\]', source, flags=re.I)
+        return class_(name, value[0] if value else None)
+
+
+class Command(Argument):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, value=False):
+        self.name, self.value = name, value
+
+    def single_match(self, left):
+        for n, pattern in enumerate(left):
+            if type(pattern) is Argument:
+                if pattern.value == self.name:
+                    return n, Command(self.name, True)
+                else:
+                    break
+        return None, None
+
+
+class Option(LeafPattern):
+
+    def __init__(self, short=None, long=None, argcount=0, value=False):
+        assert argcount in (0, 1)
+        self.short, self.long, self.argcount = short, long, argcount
+        self.value = None if value is False and argcount else value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(class_, option_description):
+        short, long, argcount, value = None, None, 0, False
+        options, _, description = option_description.strip().partition('  ')
+        options = options.replace(',', ' ').replace('=', ' ')
+        for s in options.split():
+            if s.startswith('--'):
+                long = s
+            elif s.startswith('-'):
+                short = s
+            else:
+                argcount = 1
+        if argcount:
+            matched = re.findall('\[default: (.*)\]', description, flags=re.I)
+            value = matched[0] if matched else None
+        return class_(short, long, argcount, value)
+
+    def single_match(self, left):
+        for n, pattern in enumerate(left):
+            if self.name == pattern.name:
+                return n, pattern
+        return None, None
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self.long or self.short
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Option(%r, %r, %r, %r)' % (self.short, self.long,
+                                           self.argcount, self.value)
+
+
+class Required(BranchPattern):
+
+    def match(self, left, collected=None):
+        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
+        l = left
+        c = collected
+        for pattern in self.children:
+            matched, l, c = pattern.match(l, c)
+            if not matched:
+                return False, left, collected
+        return True, l, c
+
+
+class Optional(BranchPattern):
+
+    def match(self, left, collected=None):
+        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
+        for pattern in self.children:
+            m, left, collected = pattern.match(left, collected)
+        return True, left, collected
+
+
+class OptionsShortcut(Optional):
+
+    """Marker/placeholder for [options] shortcut."""
+
+
+class OneOrMore(BranchPattern):
+
+    def match(self, left, collected=None):
+        assert len(self.children) == 1
+        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
+        l = left
+        c = collected
+        l_ = None
+        matched = True
+        times = 0
+        while matched:
+            # could it be that something didn't match but changed l or c?
+            matched, l, c = self.children[0].match(l, c)
+            times += 1 if matched else 0
+            if l_ == l:
+                break
+            l_ = l
+        if times >= 1:
+            return True, l, c
+        return False, left, collected
+
+
+class Either(BranchPattern):
+
+    def match(self, left, collected=None):
+        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
+        outcomes = []
+        for pattern in self.children:
+            matched, _, _ = outcome = pattern.match(left, collected)
+            if matched:
+                outcomes.append(outcome)
+        if outcomes:
+            return min(outcomes, key=lambda outcome: len(outcome[1]))
+        return False, left, collected
+
+
+class Tokens(list):
+
+    def __init__(self, source, error=DocoptExit):
+        self += source.split() if hasattr(source, 'split') else source
+        self.error = error
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_pattern(source):
+        source = re.sub(r'([\[\]\(\)\|]|\.\.\.)', r' \1 ', source)
+        source = [s for s in re.split('\s+|(\S*<.*?>)', source) if s]
+        return Tokens(source, error=DocoptLanguageError)
+
+    def move(self):
+        return self.pop(0) if len(self) else None
+
+    def current(self):
+        return self[0] if len(self) else None
+
+
+def parse_long(tokens, options):
+    """long ::= '--' chars [ ( ' ' | '=' ) chars ] ;"""
+    long, eq, value = tokens.move().partition('=')
+    assert long.startswith('--')
+    value = None if eq == value == '' else value
+    similar = [o for o in options if o.long == long]
+    if tokens.error is DocoptExit and similar == []:  # if no exact match
+        similar = [o for o in options if o.long and o.long.startswith(long)]
+    if len(similar) > 1:  # might be simply specified ambiguously 2+ times?
+        raise tokens.error('%s is not a unique prefix: %s?' %
+                           (long, ', '.join(o.long for o in similar)))
+    elif len(similar) < 1:
+        argcount = 1 if eq == '=' else 0
+        o = Option(None, long, argcount)
+        options.append(o)
+        if tokens.error is DocoptExit:
+            o = Option(None, long, argcount, value if argcount else True)
+    else:
+        o = Option(similar[0].short, similar[0].long,
+                   similar[0].argcount, similar[0].value)
+        if o.argcount == 0:
+            if value is not None:
+                raise tokens.error('%s must not have an argument' % o.long)
+        else:
+            if value is None:
+                if tokens.current() in [None, '--']:
+                    raise tokens.error('%s requires argument' % o.long)
+                value = tokens.move()
+        if tokens.error is DocoptExit:
+            o.value = value if value is not None else True
+    return [o]
+
+
+def parse_shorts(tokens, options):
+    """shorts ::= '-' ( chars )* [ [ ' ' ] chars ] ;"""
+    token = tokens.move()
+    assert token.startswith('-') and not token.startswith('--')
+    left = token.lstrip('-')
+    parsed = []
+    while left != '':
+        short, left = '-' + left[0], left[1:]
+        similar = [o for o in options if o.short == short]
+        if len(similar) > 1:
+            raise tokens.error('%s is specified ambiguously %d times' %
+                               (short, len(similar)))
+        elif len(similar) < 1:
+            o = Option(short, None, 0)
+            options.append(o)
+            if tokens.error is DocoptExit:
+                o = Option(short, None, 0, True)
+        else:  # why copying is necessary here?
+            o = Option(short, similar[0].long,
+                       similar[0].argcount, similar[0].value)
+            value = None
+            if o.argcount != 0:
+                if left == '':
+                    if tokens.current() in [None, '--']:
+                        raise tokens.error('%s requires argument' % short)
+                    value = tokens.move()
+                else:
+                    value = left
+                    left = ''
+            if tokens.error is DocoptExit:
+                o.value = value if value is not None else True
+        parsed.append(o)
+    return parsed
+
+
+def parse_pattern(source, options):
+    tokens = Tokens.from_pattern(source)
+    result = parse_expr(tokens, options)
+    if tokens.current() is not None:
+        raise tokens.error('unexpected ending: %r' % ' '.join(tokens))
+    return Required(*result)
+
+
+def parse_expr(tokens, options):
+    """expr ::= seq ( '|' seq )* ;"""
+    seq = parse_seq(tokens, options)
+    if tokens.current() != '|':
+        return seq
+    result = [Required(*seq)] if len(seq) > 1 else seq
+    while tokens.current() == '|':
+        tokens.move()
+        seq = parse_seq(tokens, options)
+        result += [Required(*seq)] if len(seq) > 1 else seq
+    return [Either(*result)] if len(result) > 1 else result
+
+
+def parse_seq(tokens, options):
+    """seq ::= ( atom [ '...' ] )* ;"""
+    result = []
+    while tokens.current() not in [None, ']', ')', '|']:
+        atom = parse_atom(tokens, options)
+        if tokens.current() == '...':
+            atom = [OneOrMore(*atom)]
+            tokens.move()
+        result += atom
+    return result
+
+
+def parse_atom(tokens, options):
+    """atom ::= '(' expr ')' | '[' expr ']' | 'options'
+             | long | shorts | argument | command ;
+    """
+    token = tokens.current()
+    result = []
+    if token in '([':
+        tokens.move()
+        matching, pattern = {'(': [')', Required], '[': [']', Optional]}[token]
+        result = pattern(*parse_expr(tokens, options))
+        if tokens.move() != matching:
+            raise tokens.error("unmatched '%s'" % token)
+        return [result]
+    elif token == 'options':
+        tokens.move()
+        return [OptionsShortcut()]
+    elif token.startswith('--') and token != '--':
+        return parse_long(tokens, options)
+    elif token.startswith('-') and token not in ('-', '--'):
+        return parse_shorts(tokens, options)
+    elif token.startswith('<') and token.endswith('>') or token.isupper():
+        return [Argument(tokens.move())]
+    else:
+        return [Command(tokens.move())]
+
+
+def parse_argv(tokens, options, options_first=False):
+    """Parse command-line argument vector.
+
+    If options_first:
+        argv ::= [ long | shorts ]* [ argument ]* [ '--' [ argument ]* ] ;
+    else:
+        argv ::= [ long | shorts | argument ]* [ '--' [ argument ]* ] ;
+
+    """
+    parsed = []
+    while tokens.current() is not None:
+        if tokens.current() == '--':
+            return parsed + [Argument(None, v) for v in tokens]
+        elif tokens.current().startswith('--'):
+            parsed += parse_long(tokens, options)
+        elif tokens.current().startswith('-') and tokens.current() != '-':
+            parsed += parse_shorts(tokens, options)
+        elif options_first:
+            return parsed + [Argument(None, v) for v in tokens]
+        else:
+            parsed.append(Argument(None, tokens.move()))
+    return parsed
+
+
+def parse_defaults(doc):
+    defaults = []
+    for s in parse_section('options:', doc):
+        # FIXME corner case "bla: options: --foo"
+        _, _, s = s.partition(':')  # get rid of "options:"
+        split = re.split('\n[ \t]*(-\S+?)', '\n' + s)[1:]
+        split = [s1 + s2 for s1, s2 in zip(split[::2], split[1::2])]
+        options = [Option.parse(s) for s in split if s.startswith('-')]
+        defaults += options
+    return defaults
+
+
+def parse_section(name, source):
+    pattern = re.compile('^([^\n]*' + name + '[^\n]*\n?(?:[ \t].*?(?:\n|$))*)',
+                         re.IGNORECASE | re.MULTILINE)
+    return [s.strip() for s in pattern.findall(source)]
+
+
+def formal_usage(section):
+    _, _, section = section.partition(':')  # drop "usage:"
+    pu = section.split()
+    return '( ' + ' '.join(') | (' if s == pu[0] else s for s in pu[1:]) + ' )'
+
+
+def extras(help, version, options, doc):
+    if help and any((o.name in ('-h', '--help')) and o.value for o in options):
+        print(doc.strip("\n"))
+        sys.exit()
+    if version and any(o.name == '--version' and o.value for o in options):
+        print(version)
+        sys.exit()
+
+
+class Dict(dict):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '{%s}' % ',\n '.join('%r: %r' % i for i in sorted(self.items()))
+
+
+def docopt(doc, argv=None, help=True, version=None, options_first=False):
+    """Parse `argv` based on command-line interface described in `doc`.
+
+    `docopt` creates your command-line interface based on its
+    description that you pass as `doc`. Such description can contain
+    --options, <positional-argument>, commands, which could be
+    [optional], (required), (mutually | exclusive) or repeated...
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    doc : str
+        Description of your command-line interface.
+    argv : list of str, optional
+        Argument vector to be parsed. sys.argv[1:] is used if not
+        provided.
+    help : bool (default: True)
+        Set to False to disable automatic help on -h or --help
+        options.
+    version : any object
+        If passed, the object will be printed if --version is in
+        `argv`.
+    options_first : bool (default: False)
+        Set to True to require options precede positional arguments,
+        i.e. to forbid options and positional arguments intermix.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    args : dict
+        A dictionary, where keys are names of command-line elements
+        such as e.g. "--verbose" and "<path>", and values are the
+        parsed values of those elements.
+
+    Example
+    -------
+    >>> from docopt import docopt
+    >>> doc = '''
+    ... Usage:
+    ...     my_program tcp <host> <port> [--timeout=<seconds>]
+    ...     my_program serial <port> [--baud=<n>] [--timeout=<seconds>]
+    ...     my_program (-h | --help | --version)
+    ...
+    ... Options:
+    ...     -h, --help  Show this screen and exit.
+    ...     --baud=<n>  Baudrate [default: 9600]
+    ... '''
+    >>> argv = ['tcp', '127.0.0.1', '80', '--timeout', '30']
+    >>> docopt(doc, argv)
+    {'--baud': '9600',
+     '--help': False,
+     '--timeout': '30',
+     '--version': False,
+     '<host>': '127.0.0.1',
+     '<port>': '80',
+     'serial': False,
+     'tcp': True}
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    * For video introduction see http://docopt.org
+    * Full documentation is available in README.rst as well as online
+      at https://github.com/docopt/docopt#readme
+
+    """
+    argv = sys.argv[1:] if argv is None else argv
+
+    usage_sections = parse_section('usage:', doc)
+    if len(usage_sections) == 0:
+        raise DocoptLanguageError('"usage:" (case-insensitive) not found.')
+    if len(usage_sections) > 1:
+        raise DocoptLanguageError('More than one "usage:" (case-insensitive).')
+    DocoptExit.usage = usage_sections[0]
+
+    options = parse_defaults(doc)
+    pattern = parse_pattern(formal_usage(DocoptExit.usage), options)
+    # [default] syntax for argument is disabled
+    #for a in pattern.flat(Argument):
+    #    same_name = [d for d in arguments if d.name == a.name]
+    #    if same_name:
+    #        a.value = same_name[0].value
+    argv = parse_argv(Tokens(argv), list(options), options_first)
+    pattern_options = set(pattern.flat(Option))
+    for options_shortcut in pattern.flat(OptionsShortcut):
+        doc_options = parse_defaults(doc)
+        options_shortcut.children = list(set(doc_options) - pattern_options)
+        #if any_options:
+        #    options_shortcut.children += [Option(o.short, o.long, o.argcount)
+        #                    for o in argv if type(o) is Option]
+    extras(help, version, argv, doc)
+    matched, left, collected = pattern.fix().match(argv)
+    if matched and left == []:  # better error message if left?
+        return Dict((a.name, a.value) for a in (pattern.flat() + collected))
+    raise DocoptExit()
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""Manage site and releases.
+
+Usage:
+  manage.py release [<branch>]
+  manage.py site
+
+For the release command $FMT_TOKEN should contain a GitHub personal access token
+obtained from https://github.com/settings/tokens.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import datetime, docopt, errno, fileinput, json, os
+import re, requests, shutil, sys, tempfile
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from distutils.version import LooseVersion
+from subprocess import check_call
+
+
+class Git:
+    def __init__(self, dir):
+        self.dir = dir
+
+    def call(self, method, args, **kwargs):
+        return check_call(['git', method] + list(args), **kwargs)
+
+    def add(self, *args):
+        return self.call('add', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def checkout(self, *args):
+        return self.call('checkout', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def clean(self, *args):
+        return self.call('clean', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def clone(self, *args):
+        return self.call('clone', list(args) + [self.dir])
+
+    def commit(self, *args):
+        return self.call('commit', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def pull(self, *args):
+        return self.call('pull', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def push(self, *args):
+        return self.call('push', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def reset(self, *args):
+        return self.call('reset', args, cwd=self.dir)
+
+    def update(self, *args):
+        clone = not os.path.exists(self.dir)
+        if clone:
+            self.clone(*args)
+        return clone
+
+
+def clean_checkout(repo, branch):
+    repo.clean('-f', '-d')
+    repo.reset('--hard')
+    repo.checkout(branch)
+
+
+class Runner:
+    def __init__(self, cwd):
+        self.cwd = cwd
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['cwd'] = kwargs.get('cwd', self.cwd)
+        check_call(args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def create_build_env():
+    """Create a build environment."""
+    class Env:
+        pass
+    env = Env()
+
+    # Import the documentation build module.
+    env.fmt_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+    sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(env.fmt_dir, 'doc'))
+    import build
+
+    env.build_dir = 'build'
+    env.versions = build.versions
+
+    # Virtualenv and repos are cached to speed up builds.
+    build.create_build_env(os.path.join(env.build_dir, 'virtualenv'))
+
+    env.fmt_repo = Git(os.path.join(env.build_dir, 'fmt'))
+    return env
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def rewrite(filename):
+    class Buffer:
+        pass
+    buffer = Buffer()
+    if not os.path.exists(filename):
+        buffer.data = ''
+        yield buffer
+        return
+    with open(filename) as f:
+        buffer.data = f.read()
+    yield buffer
+    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+        f.write(buffer.data)
+
+
+fmt_repo_url = 'git@github.com:fmtlib/fmt'
+
+
+def update_site(env):
+    env.fmt_repo.update(fmt_repo_url)
+
+    doc_repo = Git(os.path.join(env.build_dir, 'fmtlib.github.io'))
+    doc_repo.update('git@github.com:fmtlib/fmtlib.github.io')
+
+    for version in env.versions:
+        clean_checkout(env.fmt_repo, version)
+        target_doc_dir = os.path.join(env.fmt_repo.dir, 'doc')
+        # Remove the old theme.
+        for entry in os.listdir(target_doc_dir):
+            path = os.path.join(target_doc_dir, entry)
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                shutil.rmtree(path)
+        # Copy the new theme.
+        for entry in ['_static', '_templates', 'basic-bootstrap', 'bootstrap',
+                      'conf.py', 'fmt.less']:
+            src = os.path.join(env.fmt_dir, 'doc', entry)
+            dst = os.path.join(target_doc_dir, entry)
+            copy = shutil.copytree if os.path.isdir(src) else shutil.copyfile
+            copy(src, dst)
+        # Rename index to contents.
+        contents = os.path.join(target_doc_dir, 'contents.rst')
+        if not os.path.exists(contents):
+            os.rename(os.path.join(target_doc_dir, 'index.rst'), contents)
+        # Fix issues in reference.rst/api.rst.
+        for filename in ['reference.rst', 'api.rst', 'index.rst']:
+            pattern = re.compile('doxygenfunction.. (bin|oct|hexu|hex)$', re.M)
+            with rewrite(os.path.join(target_doc_dir, filename)) as b:
+                b.data = b.data.replace('std::ostream &', 'std::ostream&')
+                b.data = re.sub(pattern, r'doxygenfunction:: \1(int)', b.data)
+                b.data = b.data.replace('std::FILE*', 'std::FILE *')
+                b.data = b.data.replace('unsigned int', 'unsigned')
+                #b.data = b.data.replace('operator""_', 'operator"" _')
+                b.data = b.data.replace(
+                    'format_to_n(OutputIt, size_t, string_view, Args&&',
+                    'format_to_n(OutputIt, size_t, const S&, const Args&')
+                b.data = b.data.replace(
+                    'format_to_n(OutputIt, std::size_t, string_view, Args&&',
+                    'format_to_n(OutputIt, std::size_t, const S&, const Args&')
+                if version == ('3.0.2'):
+                    b.data = b.data.replace(
+                        'fprintf(std::ostream&', 'fprintf(std::ostream &')
+                if version == ('5.3.0'):
+                    b.data = b.data.replace(
+                        'format_to(OutputIt, const S&, const Args&...)',
+                        'format_to(OutputIt, const S &, const Args &...)')
+                if version.startswith('5.') or version.startswith('6.'):
+                    b.data = b.data.replace(', size_t', ', std::size_t')
+                if version.startswith('7.'):
+                    b.data = b.data.replace(', std::size_t', ', size_t')
+                    b.data = b.data.replace('join(It, It', 'join(It, Sentinel')
+                b.data = b.data.replace('aa long', 'a long')
+                b.data = b.data.replace('serveral', 'several')
+                if version.startswith('6.2.'):
+                    b.data = b.data.replace(
+                        'vformat(const S&, basic_format_args<' +
+                        'buffer_context<Char>>)',
+                        'vformat(const S&, basic_format_args<' +
+                        'buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>>)')
+        # Fix a broken link in index.rst.
+        index = os.path.join(target_doc_dir, 'index.rst')
+        with rewrite(index) as b:
+            b.data = b.data.replace(
+                'doc/latest/index.html#format-string-syntax', 'syntax.html')
+        # Build the docs.
+        html_dir = os.path.join(env.build_dir, 'html')
+        if os.path.exists(html_dir):
+            shutil.rmtree(html_dir)
+        include_dir = env.fmt_repo.dir
+        if LooseVersion(version) >= LooseVersion('5.0.0'):
+            include_dir = os.path.join(include_dir, 'include', 'fmt')
+        elif LooseVersion(version) >= LooseVersion('3.0.0'):
+            include_dir = os.path.join(include_dir, 'fmt')
+        import build
+        build.build_docs(version, doc_dir=target_doc_dir,
+                         include_dir=include_dir, work_dir=env.build_dir)
+        shutil.rmtree(os.path.join(html_dir, '.doctrees'))
+        # Create symlinks for older versions.
+        for link, target in {'index': 'contents', 'api': 'reference'}.items():
+            link = os.path.join(html_dir, link) + '.html'
+            target += '.html'
+            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(html_dir, target)) and \
+               not os.path.exists(link):
+                os.symlink(target, link)
+        # Copy docs to the website.
+        version_doc_dir = os.path.join(doc_repo.dir, version)
+        try:
+            shutil.rmtree(version_doc_dir)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                raise
+        shutil.move(html_dir, version_doc_dir)
+
+
+def release(args):
+    env = create_build_env()
+    fmt_repo = env.fmt_repo
+
+    branch = args.get('<branch>')
+    if branch is None:
+        branch = 'master'
+    if not fmt_repo.update('-b', branch, fmt_repo_url):
+        clean_checkout(fmt_repo, branch)
+
+    # Convert changelog from RST to GitHub-flavored Markdown and get the
+    # version.
+    changelog = 'ChangeLog.rst'
+    changelog_path = os.path.join(fmt_repo.dir, changelog)
+    import rst2md
+    changes, version = rst2md.convert(changelog_path)
+    cmakelists = 'CMakeLists.txt'
+    for line in fileinput.input(os.path.join(fmt_repo.dir, cmakelists),
+                                inplace=True):
+        prefix = 'set(FMT_VERSION '
+        if line.startswith(prefix):
+            line = prefix + version + ')\n'
+        sys.stdout.write(line)
+
+    # Update the version in the changelog.
+    title_len = 0
+    for line in fileinput.input(changelog_path, inplace=True):
+        if line.decode('utf-8').startswith(version + ' - TBD'):
+            line = version + ' - ' + datetime.date.today().isoformat()
+            title_len = len(line)
+            line += '\n'
+        elif title_len:
+            line = '-' * title_len + '\n'
+            title_len = 0
+        sys.stdout.write(line)
+
+    # Add the version to the build script.
+    script = os.path.join('doc', 'build.py')
+    script_path = os.path.join(fmt_repo.dir, script)
+    for line in fileinput.input(script_path, inplace=True):
+      m = re.match(r'( *versions = )\[(.+)\]', line)
+      if m:
+        line = '{}[{}, \'{}\']\n'.format(m.group(1), m.group(2), version)
+      sys.stdout.write(line)
+
+    fmt_repo.checkout('-B', 'release')
+    fmt_repo.add(changelog, cmakelists, script)
+    fmt_repo.commit('-m', 'Update version')
+
+    # Build the docs and package.
+    run = Runner(fmt_repo.dir)
+    run('cmake', '.')
+    run('make', 'doc', 'package_source')
+    update_site(env)
+
+    # Create a release on GitHub.
+    fmt_repo.push('origin', 'release')
+    params = {'access_token': os.getenv('FMT_TOKEN')}
+    r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/repos/fmtlib/fmt/releases',
+                      params=params,
+                      data=json.dumps({'tag_name': version,
+                                       'target_commitish': 'release',
+                                       'body': changes, 'draft': True}))
+    if r.status_code != 201:
+        raise Exception('Failed to create a release ' + str(r))
+    id = r.json()['id']
+    uploads_url = 'https://uploads.github.com/repos/fmtlib/fmt/releases'
+    package = 'fmt-{}.zip'.format(version)
+    r = requests.post(
+        '{}/{}/assets?name={}'.format(uploads_url, id, package),
+        headers={'Content-Type': 'application/zip'},
+        params=params, data=open('build/fmt/' + package, 'rb'))
+    if r.status_code != 201:
+        raise Exception('Failed to upload an asset ' + str(r))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    args = docopt.docopt(__doc__)
+    if args.get('release'):
+        release(args)
+    elif args.get('site'):
+        update_site(create_build_env())
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# reStructuredText (RST) to GitHub-flavored Markdown converter
+
+import re, sys
+from docutils import core, nodes, writers
+
+
+def is_github_ref(node):
+    return re.match('https://github.com/.*/(issues|pull)/.*', node['refuri'])
+
+
+class Translator(nodes.NodeVisitor):
+    def __init__(self, document):
+        nodes.NodeVisitor.__init__(self, document)
+        self.output = ''
+        self.indent = 0
+        self.preserve_newlines = False
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        self.output += text.replace('\n', '\n' + ' ' * self.indent)
+
+    def visit_document(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def depart_document(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_section(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def depart_section(self, node):
+        # Skip all sections except the first one.
+        raise nodes.StopTraversal
+
+    def visit_title(self, node):
+        self.version = re.match(r'(\d+\.\d+\.\d+).*', node.children[0]).group(1)
+        raise nodes.SkipChildren
+
+    def visit_title_reference(self, node):
+        raise Exception(node)
+
+    def depart_title(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_Text(self, node):
+        if not self.preserve_newlines:
+            node = node.replace('\n', ' ')
+        self.write(node)
+
+    def depart_Text(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_bullet_list(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def depart_bullet_list(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_list_item(self, node):
+        self.write('* ')
+        self.indent += 2
+
+    def depart_list_item(self, node):
+        self.indent -= 2
+        self.write('\n\n')
+
+    def visit_paragraph(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def depart_paragraph(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_reference(self, node):
+        if not is_github_ref(node):
+            self.write('[')
+
+    def depart_reference(self, node):
+        if not is_github_ref(node):
+            self.write('](' + node['refuri'] + ')')
+
+    def visit_target(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def depart_target(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_literal(self, node):
+        self.write('`')
+
+    def depart_literal(self, node):
+        self.write('`')
+
+    def visit_literal_block(self, node):
+        self.write('\n\n```')
+        if 'c++' in node['classes']:
+            self.write('c++')
+        self.write('\n')
+        self.preserve_newlines = True
+
+    def depart_literal_block(self, node):
+        self.write('\n```\n')
+        self.preserve_newlines = False
+
+    def visit_inline(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def depart_inline(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_image(self, node):
+        self.write('![](' + node['uri'] + ')')
+
+    def depart_image(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def write_row(self, row, widths):
+        for i, entry in enumerate(row):
+            text = entry[0][0] if len(entry) > 0 else ''
+            if i != 0:
+                self.write('|')
+            self.write('{:{}}'.format(text, widths[i]))
+        self.write('\n')
+
+    def visit_table(self, node):
+        table = node.children[0]
+        colspecs = table[:-2]
+        thead = table[-2]
+        tbody = table[-1]
+        widths = [int(cs['colwidth']) for cs in colspecs]
+        sep = '|'.join(['-' * w for w in widths]) + '\n'
+        self.write('\n\n')
+        self.write_row(thead[0], widths)
+        self.write(sep)
+        for row in tbody:
+            self.write_row(row, widths)
+        raise nodes.SkipChildren
+
+    def depart_table(self, node):
+        pass
+
+class MDWriter(writers.Writer):
+    """GitHub-flavored markdown writer"""
+
+    supported = ('md',)
+    """Formats this writer supports."""
+
+    def translate(self):
+        translator = Translator(self.document)
+        self.document.walkabout(translator)
+        self.output = (translator.output, translator.version)
+
+
+def convert(rst_path):
+    """Converts RST file to Markdown."""
+    return core.publish_file(source_path=rst_path, writer=MDWriter())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    convert(sys.argv[1])
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Sphinx configuration for readthedocs.
+
+import os, sys
+
+master_doc = 'index'
+html_theme = 'theme'
+html_theme_path = ["."]
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+If you are not redirected automatically, follow the
+`link to the fmt documentation <https://fmt.dev/latest/>`_.
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{% extends "basic/layout.html" %}
+
+{% block extrahead %}
+<meta charset="UTF-8">
+<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1;url=https://fmt.dev/latest/">
+<script type="text/javascript">
+    window.location.href = "https://fmt.dev/latest/"
+</script>
+<title>Page Redirection</title>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block document %}
+If you are not redirected automatically, follow the <a href='https://fmt.dev/latest/'>link to the fmt documentation</a>.
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block footer %}
+{% endblock %}
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[theme]
+inherit = basic
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.9)
+project(imgui CXX)
+
+set(HASH_LIBRARY_HEADERS
+        crc32.h
+        hash.h
+        hmac.h
+        keccak.h
+        md5.h
+        sha1.h
+        sha3.h
+        sha256.h
+)
+set(HASH_LIBRARY_SOURCES
+        crc32.cpp
+        digest.cpp
+        keccak.cpp
+        md5.cpp
+        sha1.cpp
+        sha3.cpp
+        sha256.cpp
+)
+
+add_library(hash-library STATIC ${HASH_LIBRARY_HEADERS} ${HASH_LIBRARY_SOURCES})
+target_include_directories(hash-library PRIVATE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR})
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+zlib License
+
+Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme
+
+This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages arising from the use of this software.
+Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose, including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the original software.
+   If you use this software in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
+2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// crc32.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#include "crc32.h"
+
+// big endian architectures need #define __BYTE_ORDER __BIG_ENDIAN
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+//#include <endian.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/// same as reset()
+CRC32::CRC32()
+{
+  reset();
+}
+
+
+/// restart
+void CRC32::reset()
+{
+  m_hash = 0;
+}
+
+
+namespace
+{
+  /// look-up table
+  static const uint32_t crc32Lookup[8][256] =
+  {
+    // generated by:
+    //for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= 0xFF; i++)
+    //{
+    //  uint32_t crc = i;
+    //  for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
+    //    crc = (crc >> 1) ^ ((crc & 1) * Polynomial);
+    //  crc32Lookup[0][i] = crc;
+    //}
+    // slicing-by-8 algorithm (from Intel):
+    // http://www.intel.com/technology/comms/perfnet/download/CRC_generators.pdf
+    // http://sourceforge.net/projects/slicing-by-8/
+    //for (unsigned int i = 0; i <= 0xFF; i++)
+    //{
+    //  crc32Lookup[1][i] = (crc32Lookup[0][i] >> 8) ^ crc32Lookup[0][crc32Lookup[0][i] & 0xFF];
+    //  crc32Lookup[2][i] = (crc32Lookup[1][i] >> 8) ^ crc32Lookup[0][crc32Lookup[1][i] & 0xFF];
+    //  crc32Lookup[3][i] = (crc32Lookup[2][i] >> 8) ^ crc32Lookup[0][crc32Lookup[2][i] & 0xFF];
+
+    //  crc32Lookup[4][i] = (crc32Lookup[3][i] >> 8) ^ crc32Lookup[0][crc32Lookup[3][i] & 0xFF];
+    //  crc32Lookup[5][i] = (crc32Lookup[4][i] >> 8) ^ crc32Lookup[0][crc32Lookup[4][i] & 0xFF];
+    //  crc32Lookup[6][i] = (crc32Lookup[5][i] >> 8) ^ crc32Lookup[0][crc32Lookup[5][i] & 0xFF];
+    //  crc32Lookup[7][i] = (crc32Lookup[6][i] >> 8) ^ crc32Lookup[0][crc32Lookup[6][i] & 0xFF];
+    //}
+    { 0x00000000,0x77073096,0xEE0E612C,0x990951BA,0x076DC419,0x706AF48F,0xE963A535,0x9E6495A3,
+      0x0EDB8832,0x79DCB8A4,0xE0D5E91E,0x97D2D988,0x09B64C2B,0x7EB17CBD,0xE7B82D07,0x90BF1D91,
+      0x1DB71064,0x6AB020F2,0xF3B97148,0x84BE41DE,0x1ADAD47D,0x6DDDE4EB,0xF4D4B551,0x83D385C7,
+      0x136C9856,0x646BA8C0,0xFD62F97A,0x8A65C9EC,0x14015C4F,0x63066CD9,0xFA0F3D63,0x8D080DF5,
+      0x3B6E20C8,0x4C69105E,0xD56041E4,0xA2677172,0x3C03E4D1,0x4B04D447,0xD20D85FD,0xA50AB56B,
+      0x35B5A8FA,0x42B2986C,0xDBBBC9D6,0xACBCF940,0x32D86CE3,0x45DF5C75,0xDCD60DCF,0xABD13D59,
+      0x26D930AC,0x51DE003A,0xC8D75180,0xBFD06116,0x21B4F4B5,0x56B3C423,0xCFBA9599,0xB8BDA50F,
+      0x2802B89E,0x5F058808,0xC60CD9B2,0xB10BE924,0x2F6F7C87,0x58684C11,0xC1611DAB,0xB6662D3D,
+      0x76DC4190,0x01DB7106,0x98D220BC,0xEFD5102A,0x71B18589,0x06B6B51F,0x9FBFE4A5,0xE8B8D433,
+      0x7807C9A2,0x0F00F934,0x9609A88E,0xE10E9818,0x7F6A0DBB,0x086D3D2D,0x91646C97,0xE6635C01,
+      0x6B6B51F4,0x1C6C6162,0x856530D8,0xF262004E,0x6C0695ED,0x1B01A57B,0x8208F4C1,0xF50FC457,
+      0x65B0D9C6,0x12B7E950,0x8BBEB8EA,0xFCB9887C,0x62DD1DDF,0x15DA2D49,0x8CD37CF3,0xFBD44C65,
+      0x4DB26158,0x3AB551CE,0xA3BC0074,0xD4BB30E2,0x4ADFA541,0x3DD895D7,0xA4D1C46D,0xD3D6F4FB,
+      0x4369E96A,0x346ED9FC,0xAD678846,0xDA60B8D0,0x44042D73,0x33031DE5,0xAA0A4C5F,0xDD0D7CC9,
+      0x5005713C,0x270241AA,0xBE0B1010,0xC90C2086,0x5768B525,0x206F85B3,0xB966D409,0xCE61E49F,
+      0x5EDEF90E,0x29D9C998,0xB0D09822,0xC7D7A8B4,0x59B33D17,0x2EB40D81,0xB7BD5C3B,0xC0BA6CAD,
+      0xEDB88320,0x9ABFB3B6,0x03B6E20C,0x74B1D29A,0xEAD54739,0x9DD277AF,0x04DB2615,0x73DC1683,
+      0xE3630B12,0x94643B84,0x0D6D6A3E,0x7A6A5AA8,0xE40ECF0B,0x9309FF9D,0x0A00AE27,0x7D079EB1,
+      0xF00F9344,0x8708A3D2,0x1E01F268,0x6906C2FE,0xF762575D,0x806567CB,0x196C3671,0x6E6B06E7,
+      0xFED41B76,0x89D32BE0,0x10DA7A5A,0x67DD4ACC,0xF9B9DF6F,0x8EBEEFF9,0x17B7BE43,0x60B08ED5,
+      0xD6D6A3E8,0xA1D1937E,0x38D8C2C4,0x4FDFF252,0xD1BB67F1,0xA6BC5767,0x3FB506DD,0x48B2364B,
+      0xD80D2BDA,0xAF0A1B4C,0x36034AF6,0x41047A60,0xDF60EFC3,0xA867DF55,0x316E8EEF,0x4669BE79,
+      0xCB61B38C,0xBC66831A,0x256FD2A0,0x5268E236,0xCC0C7795,0xBB0B4703,0x220216B9,0x5505262F,
+      0xC5BA3BBE,0xB2BD0B28,0x2BB45A92,0x5CB36A04,0xC2D7FFA7,0xB5D0CF31,0x2CD99E8B,0x5BDEAE1D,
+      0x9B64C2B0,0xEC63F226,0x756AA39C,0x026D930A,0x9C0906A9,0xEB0E363F,0x72076785,0x05005713,
+      0x95BF4A82,0xE2B87A14,0x7BB12BAE,0x0CB61B38,0x92D28E9B,0xE5D5BE0D,0x7CDCEFB7,0x0BDBDF21,
+      0x86D3D2D4,0xF1D4E242,0x68DDB3F8,0x1FDA836E,0x81BE16CD,0xF6B9265B,0x6FB077E1,0x18B74777,
+      0x88085AE6,0xFF0F6A70,0x66063BCA,0x11010B5C,0x8F659EFF,0xF862AE69,0x616BFFD3,0x166CCF45,
+      0xA00AE278,0xD70DD2EE,0x4E048354,0x3903B3C2,0xA7672661,0xD06016F7,0x4969474D,0x3E6E77DB,
+      0xAED16A4A,0xD9D65ADC,0x40DF0B66,0x37D83BF0,0xA9BCAE53,0xDEBB9EC5,0x47B2CF7F,0x30B5FFE9,
+      0xBDBDF21C,0xCABAC28A,0x53B39330,0x24B4A3A6,0xBAD03605,0xCDD70693,0x54DE5729,0x23D967BF,
+      0xB3667A2E,0xC4614AB8,0x5D681B02,0x2A6F2B94,0xB40BBE37,0xC30C8EA1,0x5A05DF1B,0x2D02EF8D },
+
+    { 0x00000000,0x191B3141,0x32366282,0x2B2D53C3,0x646CC504,0x7D77F445,0x565AA786,0x4F4196C7,
+      0xC8D98A08,0xD1C2BB49,0xFAEFE88A,0xE3F4D9CB,0xACB54F0C,0xB5AE7E4D,0x9E832D8E,0x87981CCF,
+      0x4AC21251,0x53D92310,0x78F470D3,0x61EF4192,0x2EAED755,0x37B5E614,0x1C98B5D7,0x05838496,
+      0x821B9859,0x9B00A918,0xB02DFADB,0xA936CB9A,0xE6775D5D,0xFF6C6C1C,0xD4413FDF,0xCD5A0E9E,
+      0x958424A2,0x8C9F15E3,0xA7B24620,0xBEA97761,0xF1E8E1A6,0xE8F3D0E7,0xC3DE8324,0xDAC5B265,
+      0x5D5DAEAA,0x44469FEB,0x6F6BCC28,0x7670FD69,0x39316BAE,0x202A5AEF,0x0B07092C,0x121C386D,
+      0xDF4636F3,0xC65D07B2,0xED705471,0xF46B6530,0xBB2AF3F7,0xA231C2B6,0x891C9175,0x9007A034,
+      0x179FBCFB,0x0E848DBA,0x25A9DE79,0x3CB2EF38,0x73F379FF,0x6AE848BE,0x41C51B7D,0x58DE2A3C,
+      0xF0794F05,0xE9627E44,0xC24F2D87,0xDB541CC6,0x94158A01,0x8D0EBB40,0xA623E883,0xBF38D9C2,
+      0x38A0C50D,0x21BBF44C,0x0A96A78F,0x138D96CE,0x5CCC0009,0x45D73148,0x6EFA628B,0x77E153CA,
+      0xBABB5D54,0xA3A06C15,0x888D3FD6,0x91960E97,0xDED79850,0xC7CCA911,0xECE1FAD2,0xF5FACB93,
+      0x7262D75C,0x6B79E61D,0x4054B5DE,0x594F849F,0x160E1258,0x0F152319,0x243870DA,0x3D23419B,
+      0x65FD6BA7,0x7CE65AE6,0x57CB0925,0x4ED03864,0x0191AEA3,0x188A9FE2,0x33A7CC21,0x2ABCFD60,
+      0xAD24E1AF,0xB43FD0EE,0x9F12832D,0x8609B26C,0xC94824AB,0xD05315EA,0xFB7E4629,0xE2657768,
+      0x2F3F79F6,0x362448B7,0x1D091B74,0x04122A35,0x4B53BCF2,0x52488DB3,0x7965DE70,0x607EEF31,
+      0xE7E6F3FE,0xFEFDC2BF,0xD5D0917C,0xCCCBA03D,0x838A36FA,0x9A9107BB,0xB1BC5478,0xA8A76539,
+      0x3B83984B,0x2298A90A,0x09B5FAC9,0x10AECB88,0x5FEF5D4F,0x46F46C0E,0x6DD93FCD,0x74C20E8C,
+      0xF35A1243,0xEA412302,0xC16C70C1,0xD8774180,0x9736D747,0x8E2DE606,0xA500B5C5,0xBC1B8484,
+      0x71418A1A,0x685ABB5B,0x4377E898,0x5A6CD9D9,0x152D4F1E,0x0C367E5F,0x271B2D9C,0x3E001CDD,
+      0xB9980012,0xA0833153,0x8BAE6290,0x92B553D1,0xDDF4C516,0xC4EFF457,0xEFC2A794,0xF6D996D5,
+      0xAE07BCE9,0xB71C8DA8,0x9C31DE6B,0x852AEF2A,0xCA6B79ED,0xD37048AC,0xF85D1B6F,0xE1462A2E,
+      0x66DE36E1,0x7FC507A0,0x54E85463,0x4DF36522,0x02B2F3E5,0x1BA9C2A4,0x30849167,0x299FA026,
+      0xE4C5AEB8,0xFDDE9FF9,0xD6F3CC3A,0xCFE8FD7B,0x80A96BBC,0x99B25AFD,0xB29F093E,0xAB84387F,
+      0x2C1C24B0,0x350715F1,0x1E2A4632,0x07317773,0x4870E1B4,0x516BD0F5,0x7A468336,0x635DB277,
+      0xCBFAD74E,0xD2E1E60F,0xF9CCB5CC,0xE0D7848D,0xAF96124A,0xB68D230B,0x9DA070C8,0x84BB4189,
+      0x03235D46,0x1A386C07,0x31153FC4,0x280E0E85,0x674F9842,0x7E54A903,0x5579FAC0,0x4C62CB81,
+      0x8138C51F,0x9823F45E,0xB30EA79D,0xAA1596DC,0xE554001B,0xFC4F315A,0xD7626299,0xCE7953D8,
+      0x49E14F17,0x50FA7E56,0x7BD72D95,0x62CC1CD4,0x2D8D8A13,0x3496BB52,0x1FBBE891,0x06A0D9D0,
+      0x5E7EF3EC,0x4765C2AD,0x6C48916E,0x7553A02F,0x3A1236E8,0x230907A9,0x0824546A,0x113F652B,
+      0x96A779E4,0x8FBC48A5,0xA4911B66,0xBD8A2A27,0xF2CBBCE0,0xEBD08DA1,0xC0FDDE62,0xD9E6EF23,
+      0x14BCE1BD,0x0DA7D0FC,0x268A833F,0x3F91B27E,0x70D024B9,0x69CB15F8,0x42E6463B,0x5BFD777A,
+      0xDC656BB5,0xC57E5AF4,0xEE530937,0xF7483876,0xB809AEB1,0xA1129FF0,0x8A3FCC33,0x9324FD72 },
+
+    { 0x00000000,0x01C26A37,0x0384D46E,0x0246BE59,0x0709A8DC,0x06CBC2EB,0x048D7CB2,0x054F1685,
+      0x0E1351B8,0x0FD13B8F,0x0D9785D6,0x0C55EFE1,0x091AF964,0x08D89353,0x0A9E2D0A,0x0B5C473D,
+      0x1C26A370,0x1DE4C947,0x1FA2771E,0x1E601D29,0x1B2F0BAC,0x1AED619B,0x18ABDFC2,0x1969B5F5,
+      0x1235F2C8,0x13F798FF,0x11B126A6,0x10734C91,0x153C5A14,0x14FE3023,0x16B88E7A,0x177AE44D,
+      0x384D46E0,0x398F2CD7,0x3BC9928E,0x3A0BF8B9,0x3F44EE3C,0x3E86840B,0x3CC03A52,0x3D025065,
+      0x365E1758,0x379C7D6F,0x35DAC336,0x3418A901,0x3157BF84,0x3095D5B3,0x32D36BEA,0x331101DD,
+      0x246BE590,0x25A98FA7,0x27EF31FE,0x262D5BC9,0x23624D4C,0x22A0277B,0x20E69922,0x2124F315,
+      0x2A78B428,0x2BBADE1F,0x29FC6046,0x283E0A71,0x2D711CF4,0x2CB376C3,0x2EF5C89A,0x2F37A2AD,
+      0x709A8DC0,0x7158E7F7,0x731E59AE,0x72DC3399,0x7793251C,0x76514F2B,0x7417F172,0x75D59B45,
+      0x7E89DC78,0x7F4BB64F,0x7D0D0816,0x7CCF6221,0x798074A4,0x78421E93,0x7A04A0CA,0x7BC6CAFD,
+      0x6CBC2EB0,0x6D7E4487,0x6F38FADE,0x6EFA90E9,0x6BB5866C,0x6A77EC5B,0x68315202,0x69F33835,
+      0x62AF7F08,0x636D153F,0x612BAB66,0x60E9C151,0x65A6D7D4,0x6464BDE3,0x662203BA,0x67E0698D,
+      0x48D7CB20,0x4915A117,0x4B531F4E,0x4A917579,0x4FDE63FC,0x4E1C09CB,0x4C5AB792,0x4D98DDA5,
+      0x46C49A98,0x4706F0AF,0x45404EF6,0x448224C1,0x41CD3244,0x400F5873,0x4249E62A,0x438B8C1D,
+      0x54F16850,0x55330267,0x5775BC3E,0x56B7D609,0x53F8C08C,0x523AAABB,0x507C14E2,0x51BE7ED5,
+      0x5AE239E8,0x5B2053DF,0x5966ED86,0x58A487B1,0x5DEB9134,0x5C29FB03,0x5E6F455A,0x5FAD2F6D,
+      0xE1351B80,0xE0F771B7,0xE2B1CFEE,0xE373A5D9,0xE63CB35C,0xE7FED96B,0xE5B86732,0xE47A0D05,
+      0xEF264A38,0xEEE4200F,0xECA29E56,0xED60F461,0xE82FE2E4,0xE9ED88D3,0xEBAB368A,0xEA695CBD,
+      0xFD13B8F0,0xFCD1D2C7,0xFE976C9E,0xFF5506A9,0xFA1A102C,0xFBD87A1B,0xF99EC442,0xF85CAE75,
+      0xF300E948,0xF2C2837F,0xF0843D26,0xF1465711,0xF4094194,0xF5CB2BA3,0xF78D95FA,0xF64FFFCD,
+      0xD9785D60,0xD8BA3757,0xDAFC890E,0xDB3EE339,0xDE71F5BC,0xDFB39F8B,0xDDF521D2,0xDC374BE5,
+      0xD76B0CD8,0xD6A966EF,0xD4EFD8B6,0xD52DB281,0xD062A404,0xD1A0CE33,0xD3E6706A,0xD2241A5D,
+      0xC55EFE10,0xC49C9427,0xC6DA2A7E,0xC7184049,0xC25756CC,0xC3953CFB,0xC1D382A2,0xC011E895,
+      0xCB4DAFA8,0xCA8FC59F,0xC8C97BC6,0xC90B11F1,0xCC440774,0xCD866D43,0xCFC0D31A,0xCE02B92D,
+      0x91AF9640,0x906DFC77,0x922B422E,0x93E92819,0x96A63E9C,0x976454AB,0x9522EAF2,0x94E080C5,
+      0x9FBCC7F8,0x9E7EADCF,0x9C381396,0x9DFA79A1,0x98B56F24,0x99770513,0x9B31BB4A,0x9AF3D17D,
+      0x8D893530,0x8C4B5F07,0x8E0DE15E,0x8FCF8B69,0x8A809DEC,0x8B42F7DB,0x89044982,0x88C623B5,
+      0x839A6488,0x82580EBF,0x801EB0E6,0x81DCDAD1,0x8493CC54,0x8551A663,0x8717183A,0x86D5720D,
+      0xA9E2D0A0,0xA820BA97,0xAA6604CE,0xABA46EF9,0xAEEB787C,0xAF29124B,0xAD6FAC12,0xACADC625,
+      0xA7F18118,0xA633EB2F,0xA4755576,0xA5B73F41,0xA0F829C4,0xA13A43F3,0xA37CFDAA,0xA2BE979D,
+      0xB5C473D0,0xB40619E7,0xB640A7BE,0xB782CD89,0xB2CDDB0C,0xB30FB13B,0xB1490F62,0xB08B6555,
+      0xBBD72268,0xBA15485F,0xB853F606,0xB9919C31,0xBCDE8AB4,0xBD1CE083,0xBF5A5EDA,0xBE9834ED },
+
+    { 0x00000000,0xB8BC6765,0xAA09C88B,0x12B5AFEE,0x8F629757,0x37DEF032,0x256B5FDC,0x9DD738B9,
+      0xC5B428EF,0x7D084F8A,0x6FBDE064,0xD7018701,0x4AD6BFB8,0xF26AD8DD,0xE0DF7733,0x58631056,
+      0x5019579F,0xE8A530FA,0xFA109F14,0x42ACF871,0xDF7BC0C8,0x67C7A7AD,0x75720843,0xCDCE6F26,
+      0x95AD7F70,0x2D111815,0x3FA4B7FB,0x8718D09E,0x1ACFE827,0xA2738F42,0xB0C620AC,0x087A47C9,
+      0xA032AF3E,0x188EC85B,0x0A3B67B5,0xB28700D0,0x2F503869,0x97EC5F0C,0x8559F0E2,0x3DE59787,
+      0x658687D1,0xDD3AE0B4,0xCF8F4F5A,0x7733283F,0xEAE41086,0x525877E3,0x40EDD80D,0xF851BF68,
+      0xF02BF8A1,0x48979FC4,0x5A22302A,0xE29E574F,0x7F496FF6,0xC7F50893,0xD540A77D,0x6DFCC018,
+      0x359FD04E,0x8D23B72B,0x9F9618C5,0x272A7FA0,0xBAFD4719,0x0241207C,0x10F48F92,0xA848E8F7,
+      0x9B14583D,0x23A83F58,0x311D90B6,0x89A1F7D3,0x1476CF6A,0xACCAA80F,0xBE7F07E1,0x06C36084,
+      0x5EA070D2,0xE61C17B7,0xF4A9B859,0x4C15DF3C,0xD1C2E785,0x697E80E0,0x7BCB2F0E,0xC377486B,
+      0xCB0D0FA2,0x73B168C7,0x6104C729,0xD9B8A04C,0x446F98F5,0xFCD3FF90,0xEE66507E,0x56DA371B,
+      0x0EB9274D,0xB6054028,0xA4B0EFC6,0x1C0C88A3,0x81DBB01A,0x3967D77F,0x2BD27891,0x936E1FF4,
+      0x3B26F703,0x839A9066,0x912F3F88,0x299358ED,0xB4446054,0x0CF80731,0x1E4DA8DF,0xA6F1CFBA,
+      0xFE92DFEC,0x462EB889,0x549B1767,0xEC277002,0x71F048BB,0xC94C2FDE,0xDBF98030,0x6345E755,
+      0x6B3FA09C,0xD383C7F9,0xC1366817,0x798A0F72,0xE45D37CB,0x5CE150AE,0x4E54FF40,0xF6E89825,
+      0xAE8B8873,0x1637EF16,0x048240F8,0xBC3E279D,0x21E91F24,0x99557841,0x8BE0D7AF,0x335CB0CA,
+      0xED59B63B,0x55E5D15E,0x47507EB0,0xFFEC19D5,0x623B216C,0xDA874609,0xC832E9E7,0x708E8E82,
+      0x28ED9ED4,0x9051F9B1,0x82E4565F,0x3A58313A,0xA78F0983,0x1F336EE6,0x0D86C108,0xB53AA66D,
+      0xBD40E1A4,0x05FC86C1,0x1749292F,0xAFF54E4A,0x322276F3,0x8A9E1196,0x982BBE78,0x2097D91D,
+      0x78F4C94B,0xC048AE2E,0xD2FD01C0,0x6A4166A5,0xF7965E1C,0x4F2A3979,0x5D9F9697,0xE523F1F2,
+      0x4D6B1905,0xF5D77E60,0xE762D18E,0x5FDEB6EB,0xC2098E52,0x7AB5E937,0x680046D9,0xD0BC21BC,
+      0x88DF31EA,0x3063568F,0x22D6F961,0x9A6A9E04,0x07BDA6BD,0xBF01C1D8,0xADB46E36,0x15080953,
+      0x1D724E9A,0xA5CE29FF,0xB77B8611,0x0FC7E174,0x9210D9CD,0x2AACBEA8,0x38191146,0x80A57623,
+      0xD8C66675,0x607A0110,0x72CFAEFE,0xCA73C99B,0x57A4F122,0xEF189647,0xFDAD39A9,0x45115ECC,
+      0x764DEE06,0xCEF18963,0xDC44268D,0x64F841E8,0xF92F7951,0x41931E34,0x5326B1DA,0xEB9AD6BF,
+      0xB3F9C6E9,0x0B45A18C,0x19F00E62,0xA14C6907,0x3C9B51BE,0x842736DB,0x96929935,0x2E2EFE50,
+      0x2654B999,0x9EE8DEFC,0x8C5D7112,0x34E11677,0xA9362ECE,0x118A49AB,0x033FE645,0xBB838120,
+      0xE3E09176,0x5B5CF613,0x49E959FD,0xF1553E98,0x6C820621,0xD43E6144,0xC68BCEAA,0x7E37A9CF,
+      0xD67F4138,0x6EC3265D,0x7C7689B3,0xC4CAEED6,0x591DD66F,0xE1A1B10A,0xF3141EE4,0x4BA87981,
+      0x13CB69D7,0xAB770EB2,0xB9C2A15C,0x017EC639,0x9CA9FE80,0x241599E5,0x36A0360B,0x8E1C516E,
+      0x866616A7,0x3EDA71C2,0x2C6FDE2C,0x94D3B949,0x090481F0,0xB1B8E695,0xA30D497B,0x1BB12E1E,
+      0x43D23E48,0xFB6E592D,0xE9DBF6C3,0x516791A6,0xCCB0A91F,0x740CCE7A,0x66B96194,0xDE0506F1 },
+
+    { 0x00000000,0x3D6029B0,0x7AC05360,0x47A07AD0,0xF580A6C0,0xC8E08F70,0x8F40F5A0,0xB220DC10,
+      0x30704BC1,0x0D106271,0x4AB018A1,0x77D03111,0xC5F0ED01,0xF890C4B1,0xBF30BE61,0x825097D1,
+      0x60E09782,0x5D80BE32,0x1A20C4E2,0x2740ED52,0x95603142,0xA80018F2,0xEFA06222,0xD2C04B92,
+      0x5090DC43,0x6DF0F5F3,0x2A508F23,0x1730A693,0xA5107A83,0x98705333,0xDFD029E3,0xE2B00053,
+      0xC1C12F04,0xFCA106B4,0xBB017C64,0x866155D4,0x344189C4,0x0921A074,0x4E81DAA4,0x73E1F314,
+      0xF1B164C5,0xCCD14D75,0x8B7137A5,0xB6111E15,0x0431C205,0x3951EBB5,0x7EF19165,0x4391B8D5,
+      0xA121B886,0x9C419136,0xDBE1EBE6,0xE681C256,0x54A11E46,0x69C137F6,0x2E614D26,0x13016496,
+      0x9151F347,0xAC31DAF7,0xEB91A027,0xD6F18997,0x64D15587,0x59B17C37,0x1E1106E7,0x23712F57,
+      0x58F35849,0x659371F9,0x22330B29,0x1F532299,0xAD73FE89,0x9013D739,0xD7B3ADE9,0xEAD38459,
+      0x68831388,0x55E33A38,0x124340E8,0x2F236958,0x9D03B548,0xA0639CF8,0xE7C3E628,0xDAA3CF98,
+      0x3813CFCB,0x0573E67B,0x42D39CAB,0x7FB3B51B,0xCD93690B,0xF0F340BB,0xB7533A6B,0x8A3313DB,
+      0x0863840A,0x3503ADBA,0x72A3D76A,0x4FC3FEDA,0xFDE322CA,0xC0830B7A,0x872371AA,0xBA43581A,
+      0x9932774D,0xA4525EFD,0xE3F2242D,0xDE920D9D,0x6CB2D18D,0x51D2F83D,0x167282ED,0x2B12AB5D,
+      0xA9423C8C,0x9422153C,0xD3826FEC,0xEEE2465C,0x5CC29A4C,0x61A2B3FC,0x2602C92C,0x1B62E09C,
+      0xF9D2E0CF,0xC4B2C97F,0x8312B3AF,0xBE729A1F,0x0C52460F,0x31326FBF,0x7692156F,0x4BF23CDF,
+      0xC9A2AB0E,0xF4C282BE,0xB362F86E,0x8E02D1DE,0x3C220DCE,0x0142247E,0x46E25EAE,0x7B82771E,
+      0xB1E6B092,0x8C869922,0xCB26E3F2,0xF646CA42,0x44661652,0x79063FE2,0x3EA64532,0x03C66C82,
+      0x8196FB53,0xBCF6D2E3,0xFB56A833,0xC6368183,0x74165D93,0x49767423,0x0ED60EF3,0x33B62743,
+      0xD1062710,0xEC660EA0,0xABC67470,0x96A65DC0,0x248681D0,0x19E6A860,0x5E46D2B0,0x6326FB00,
+      0xE1766CD1,0xDC164561,0x9BB63FB1,0xA6D61601,0x14F6CA11,0x2996E3A1,0x6E369971,0x5356B0C1,
+      0x70279F96,0x4D47B626,0x0AE7CCF6,0x3787E546,0x85A73956,0xB8C710E6,0xFF676A36,0xC2074386,
+      0x4057D457,0x7D37FDE7,0x3A978737,0x07F7AE87,0xB5D77297,0x88B75B27,0xCF1721F7,0xF2770847,
+      0x10C70814,0x2DA721A4,0x6A075B74,0x576772C4,0xE547AED4,0xD8278764,0x9F87FDB4,0xA2E7D404,
+      0x20B743D5,0x1DD76A65,0x5A7710B5,0x67173905,0xD537E515,0xE857CCA5,0xAFF7B675,0x92979FC5,
+      0xE915E8DB,0xD475C16B,0x93D5BBBB,0xAEB5920B,0x1C954E1B,0x21F567AB,0x66551D7B,0x5B3534CB,
+      0xD965A31A,0xE4058AAA,0xA3A5F07A,0x9EC5D9CA,0x2CE505DA,0x11852C6A,0x562556BA,0x6B457F0A,
+      0x89F57F59,0xB49556E9,0xF3352C39,0xCE550589,0x7C75D999,0x4115F029,0x06B58AF9,0x3BD5A349,
+      0xB9853498,0x84E51D28,0xC34567F8,0xFE254E48,0x4C059258,0x7165BBE8,0x36C5C138,0x0BA5E888,
+      0x28D4C7DF,0x15B4EE6F,0x521494BF,0x6F74BD0F,0xDD54611F,0xE03448AF,0xA794327F,0x9AF41BCF,
+      0x18A48C1E,0x25C4A5AE,0x6264DF7E,0x5F04F6CE,0xED242ADE,0xD044036E,0x97E479BE,0xAA84500E,
+      0x4834505D,0x755479ED,0x32F4033D,0x0F942A8D,0xBDB4F69D,0x80D4DF2D,0xC774A5FD,0xFA148C4D,
+      0x78441B9C,0x4524322C,0x028448FC,0x3FE4614C,0x8DC4BD5C,0xB0A494EC,0xF704EE3C,0xCA64C78C },
+
+    { 0x00000000,0xCB5CD3A5,0x4DC8A10B,0x869472AE,0x9B914216,0x50CD91B3,0xD659E31D,0x1D0530B8,
+      0xEC53826D,0x270F51C8,0xA19B2366,0x6AC7F0C3,0x77C2C07B,0xBC9E13DE,0x3A0A6170,0xF156B2D5,
+      0x03D6029B,0xC88AD13E,0x4E1EA390,0x85427035,0x9847408D,0x531B9328,0xD58FE186,0x1ED33223,
+      0xEF8580F6,0x24D95353,0xA24D21FD,0x6911F258,0x7414C2E0,0xBF481145,0x39DC63EB,0xF280B04E,
+      0x07AC0536,0xCCF0D693,0x4A64A43D,0x81387798,0x9C3D4720,0x57619485,0xD1F5E62B,0x1AA9358E,
+      0xEBFF875B,0x20A354FE,0xA6372650,0x6D6BF5F5,0x706EC54D,0xBB3216E8,0x3DA66446,0xF6FAB7E3,
+      0x047A07AD,0xCF26D408,0x49B2A6A6,0x82EE7503,0x9FEB45BB,0x54B7961E,0xD223E4B0,0x197F3715,
+      0xE82985C0,0x23755665,0xA5E124CB,0x6EBDF76E,0x73B8C7D6,0xB8E41473,0x3E7066DD,0xF52CB578,
+      0x0F580A6C,0xC404D9C9,0x4290AB67,0x89CC78C2,0x94C9487A,0x5F959BDF,0xD901E971,0x125D3AD4,
+      0xE30B8801,0x28575BA4,0xAEC3290A,0x659FFAAF,0x789ACA17,0xB3C619B2,0x35526B1C,0xFE0EB8B9,
+      0x0C8E08F7,0xC7D2DB52,0x4146A9FC,0x8A1A7A59,0x971F4AE1,0x5C439944,0xDAD7EBEA,0x118B384F,
+      0xE0DD8A9A,0x2B81593F,0xAD152B91,0x6649F834,0x7B4CC88C,0xB0101B29,0x36846987,0xFDD8BA22,
+      0x08F40F5A,0xC3A8DCFF,0x453CAE51,0x8E607DF4,0x93654D4C,0x58399EE9,0xDEADEC47,0x15F13FE2,
+      0xE4A78D37,0x2FFB5E92,0xA96F2C3C,0x6233FF99,0x7F36CF21,0xB46A1C84,0x32FE6E2A,0xF9A2BD8F,
+      0x0B220DC1,0xC07EDE64,0x46EAACCA,0x8DB67F6F,0x90B34FD7,0x5BEF9C72,0xDD7BEEDC,0x16273D79,
+      0xE7718FAC,0x2C2D5C09,0xAAB92EA7,0x61E5FD02,0x7CE0CDBA,0xB7BC1E1F,0x31286CB1,0xFA74BF14,
+      0x1EB014D8,0xD5ECC77D,0x5378B5D3,0x98246676,0x852156CE,0x4E7D856B,0xC8E9F7C5,0x03B52460,
+      0xF2E396B5,0x39BF4510,0xBF2B37BE,0x7477E41B,0x6972D4A3,0xA22E0706,0x24BA75A8,0xEFE6A60D,
+      0x1D661643,0xD63AC5E6,0x50AEB748,0x9BF264ED,0x86F75455,0x4DAB87F0,0xCB3FF55E,0x006326FB,
+      0xF135942E,0x3A69478B,0xBCFD3525,0x77A1E680,0x6AA4D638,0xA1F8059D,0x276C7733,0xEC30A496,
+      0x191C11EE,0xD240C24B,0x54D4B0E5,0x9F886340,0x828D53F8,0x49D1805D,0xCF45F2F3,0x04192156,
+      0xF54F9383,0x3E134026,0xB8873288,0x73DBE12D,0x6EDED195,0xA5820230,0x2316709E,0xE84AA33B,
+      0x1ACA1375,0xD196C0D0,0x5702B27E,0x9C5E61DB,0x815B5163,0x4A0782C6,0xCC93F068,0x07CF23CD,
+      0xF6999118,0x3DC542BD,0xBB513013,0x700DE3B6,0x6D08D30E,0xA65400AB,0x20C07205,0xEB9CA1A0,
+      0x11E81EB4,0xDAB4CD11,0x5C20BFBF,0x977C6C1A,0x8A795CA2,0x41258F07,0xC7B1FDA9,0x0CED2E0C,
+      0xFDBB9CD9,0x36E74F7C,0xB0733DD2,0x7B2FEE77,0x662ADECF,0xAD760D6A,0x2BE27FC4,0xE0BEAC61,
+      0x123E1C2F,0xD962CF8A,0x5FF6BD24,0x94AA6E81,0x89AF5E39,0x42F38D9C,0xC467FF32,0x0F3B2C97,
+      0xFE6D9E42,0x35314DE7,0xB3A53F49,0x78F9ECEC,0x65FCDC54,0xAEA00FF1,0x28347D5F,0xE368AEFA,
+      0x16441B82,0xDD18C827,0x5B8CBA89,0x90D0692C,0x8DD55994,0x46898A31,0xC01DF89F,0x0B412B3A,
+      0xFA1799EF,0x314B4A4A,0xB7DF38E4,0x7C83EB41,0x6186DBF9,0xAADA085C,0x2C4E7AF2,0xE712A957,
+      0x15921919,0xDECECABC,0x585AB812,0x93066BB7,0x8E035B0F,0x455F88AA,0xC3CBFA04,0x089729A1,
+      0xF9C19B74,0x329D48D1,0xB4093A7F,0x7F55E9DA,0x6250D962,0xA90C0AC7,0x2F987869,0xE4C4ABCC },
+
+    { 0x00000000,0xA6770BB4,0x979F1129,0x31E81A9D,0xF44F2413,0x52382FA7,0x63D0353A,0xC5A73E8E,
+      0x33EF4E67,0x959845D3,0xA4705F4E,0x020754FA,0xC7A06A74,0x61D761C0,0x503F7B5D,0xF64870E9,
+      0x67DE9CCE,0xC1A9977A,0xF0418DE7,0x56368653,0x9391B8DD,0x35E6B369,0x040EA9F4,0xA279A240,
+      0x5431D2A9,0xF246D91D,0xC3AEC380,0x65D9C834,0xA07EF6BA,0x0609FD0E,0x37E1E793,0x9196EC27,
+      0xCFBD399C,0x69CA3228,0x582228B5,0xFE552301,0x3BF21D8F,0x9D85163B,0xAC6D0CA6,0x0A1A0712,
+      0xFC5277FB,0x5A257C4F,0x6BCD66D2,0xCDBA6D66,0x081D53E8,0xAE6A585C,0x9F8242C1,0x39F54975,
+      0xA863A552,0x0E14AEE6,0x3FFCB47B,0x998BBFCF,0x5C2C8141,0xFA5B8AF5,0xCBB39068,0x6DC49BDC,
+      0x9B8CEB35,0x3DFBE081,0x0C13FA1C,0xAA64F1A8,0x6FC3CF26,0xC9B4C492,0xF85CDE0F,0x5E2BD5BB,
+      0x440B7579,0xE27C7ECD,0xD3946450,0x75E36FE4,0xB044516A,0x16335ADE,0x27DB4043,0x81AC4BF7,
+      0x77E43B1E,0xD19330AA,0xE07B2A37,0x460C2183,0x83AB1F0D,0x25DC14B9,0x14340E24,0xB2430590,
+      0x23D5E9B7,0x85A2E203,0xB44AF89E,0x123DF32A,0xD79ACDA4,0x71EDC610,0x4005DC8D,0xE672D739,
+      0x103AA7D0,0xB64DAC64,0x87A5B6F9,0x21D2BD4D,0xE47583C3,0x42028877,0x73EA92EA,0xD59D995E,
+      0x8BB64CE5,0x2DC14751,0x1C295DCC,0xBA5E5678,0x7FF968F6,0xD98E6342,0xE86679DF,0x4E11726B,
+      0xB8590282,0x1E2E0936,0x2FC613AB,0x89B1181F,0x4C162691,0xEA612D25,0xDB8937B8,0x7DFE3C0C,
+      0xEC68D02B,0x4A1FDB9F,0x7BF7C102,0xDD80CAB6,0x1827F438,0xBE50FF8C,0x8FB8E511,0x29CFEEA5,
+      0xDF879E4C,0x79F095F8,0x48188F65,0xEE6F84D1,0x2BC8BA5F,0x8DBFB1EB,0xBC57AB76,0x1A20A0C2,
+      0x8816EAF2,0x2E61E146,0x1F89FBDB,0xB9FEF06F,0x7C59CEE1,0xDA2EC555,0xEBC6DFC8,0x4DB1D47C,
+      0xBBF9A495,0x1D8EAF21,0x2C66B5BC,0x8A11BE08,0x4FB68086,0xE9C18B32,0xD82991AF,0x7E5E9A1B,
+      0xEFC8763C,0x49BF7D88,0x78576715,0xDE206CA1,0x1B87522F,0xBDF0599B,0x8C184306,0x2A6F48B2,
+      0xDC27385B,0x7A5033EF,0x4BB82972,0xEDCF22C6,0x28681C48,0x8E1F17FC,0xBFF70D61,0x198006D5,
+      0x47ABD36E,0xE1DCD8DA,0xD034C247,0x7643C9F3,0xB3E4F77D,0x1593FCC9,0x247BE654,0x820CEDE0,
+      0x74449D09,0xD23396BD,0xE3DB8C20,0x45AC8794,0x800BB91A,0x267CB2AE,0x1794A833,0xB1E3A387,
+      0x20754FA0,0x86024414,0xB7EA5E89,0x119D553D,0xD43A6BB3,0x724D6007,0x43A57A9A,0xE5D2712E,
+      0x139A01C7,0xB5ED0A73,0x840510EE,0x22721B5A,0xE7D525D4,0x41A22E60,0x704A34FD,0xD63D3F49,
+      0xCC1D9F8B,0x6A6A943F,0x5B828EA2,0xFDF58516,0x3852BB98,0x9E25B02C,0xAFCDAAB1,0x09BAA105,
+      0xFFF2D1EC,0x5985DA58,0x686DC0C5,0xCE1ACB71,0x0BBDF5FF,0xADCAFE4B,0x9C22E4D6,0x3A55EF62,
+      0xABC30345,0x0DB408F1,0x3C5C126C,0x9A2B19D8,0x5F8C2756,0xF9FB2CE2,0xC813367F,0x6E643DCB,
+      0x982C4D22,0x3E5B4696,0x0FB35C0B,0xA9C457BF,0x6C636931,0xCA146285,0xFBFC7818,0x5D8B73AC,
+      0x03A0A617,0xA5D7ADA3,0x943FB73E,0x3248BC8A,0xF7EF8204,0x519889B0,0x6070932D,0xC6079899,
+      0x304FE870,0x9638E3C4,0xA7D0F959,0x01A7F2ED,0xC400CC63,0x6277C7D7,0x539FDD4A,0xF5E8D6FE,
+      0x647E3AD9,0xC209316D,0xF3E12BF0,0x55962044,0x90311ECA,0x3646157E,0x07AE0FE3,0xA1D90457,
+      0x579174BE,0xF1E67F0A,0xC00E6597,0x66796E23,0xA3DE50AD,0x05A95B19,0x34414184,0x92364A30 },
+
+    { 0x00000000,0xCCAA009E,0x4225077D,0x8E8F07E3,0x844A0EFA,0x48E00E64,0xC66F0987,0x0AC50919,
+      0xD3E51BB5,0x1F4F1B2B,0x91C01CC8,0x5D6A1C56,0x57AF154F,0x9B0515D1,0x158A1232,0xD92012AC,
+      0x7CBB312B,0xB01131B5,0x3E9E3656,0xF23436C8,0xF8F13FD1,0x345B3F4F,0xBAD438AC,0x767E3832,
+      0xAF5E2A9E,0x63F42A00,0xED7B2DE3,0x21D12D7D,0x2B142464,0xE7BE24FA,0x69312319,0xA59B2387,
+      0xF9766256,0x35DC62C8,0xBB53652B,0x77F965B5,0x7D3C6CAC,0xB1966C32,0x3F196BD1,0xF3B36B4F,
+      0x2A9379E3,0xE639797D,0x68B67E9E,0xA41C7E00,0xAED97719,0x62737787,0xECFC7064,0x205670FA,
+      0x85CD537D,0x496753E3,0xC7E85400,0x0B42549E,0x01875D87,0xCD2D5D19,0x43A25AFA,0x8F085A64,
+      0x562848C8,0x9A824856,0x140D4FB5,0xD8A74F2B,0xD2624632,0x1EC846AC,0x9047414F,0x5CED41D1,
+      0x299DC2ED,0xE537C273,0x6BB8C590,0xA712C50E,0xADD7CC17,0x617DCC89,0xEFF2CB6A,0x2358CBF4,
+      0xFA78D958,0x36D2D9C6,0xB85DDE25,0x74F7DEBB,0x7E32D7A2,0xB298D73C,0x3C17D0DF,0xF0BDD041,
+      0x5526F3C6,0x998CF358,0x1703F4BB,0xDBA9F425,0xD16CFD3C,0x1DC6FDA2,0x9349FA41,0x5FE3FADF,
+      0x86C3E873,0x4A69E8ED,0xC4E6EF0E,0x084CEF90,0x0289E689,0xCE23E617,0x40ACE1F4,0x8C06E16A,
+      0xD0EBA0BB,0x1C41A025,0x92CEA7C6,0x5E64A758,0x54A1AE41,0x980BAEDF,0x1684A93C,0xDA2EA9A2,
+      0x030EBB0E,0xCFA4BB90,0x412BBC73,0x8D81BCED,0x8744B5F4,0x4BEEB56A,0xC561B289,0x09CBB217,
+      0xAC509190,0x60FA910E,0xEE7596ED,0x22DF9673,0x281A9F6A,0xE4B09FF4,0x6A3F9817,0xA6959889,
+      0x7FB58A25,0xB31F8ABB,0x3D908D58,0xF13A8DC6,0xFBFF84DF,0x37558441,0xB9DA83A2,0x7570833C,
+      0x533B85DA,0x9F918544,0x111E82A7,0xDDB48239,0xD7718B20,0x1BDB8BBE,0x95548C5D,0x59FE8CC3,
+      0x80DE9E6F,0x4C749EF1,0xC2FB9912,0x0E51998C,0x04949095,0xC83E900B,0x46B197E8,0x8A1B9776,
+      0x2F80B4F1,0xE32AB46F,0x6DA5B38C,0xA10FB312,0xABCABA0B,0x6760BA95,0xE9EFBD76,0x2545BDE8,
+      0xFC65AF44,0x30CFAFDA,0xBE40A839,0x72EAA8A7,0x782FA1BE,0xB485A120,0x3A0AA6C3,0xF6A0A65D,
+      0xAA4DE78C,0x66E7E712,0xE868E0F1,0x24C2E06F,0x2E07E976,0xE2ADE9E8,0x6C22EE0B,0xA088EE95,
+      0x79A8FC39,0xB502FCA7,0x3B8DFB44,0xF727FBDA,0xFDE2F2C3,0x3148F25D,0xBFC7F5BE,0x736DF520,
+      0xD6F6D6A7,0x1A5CD639,0x94D3D1DA,0x5879D144,0x52BCD85D,0x9E16D8C3,0x1099DF20,0xDC33DFBE,
+      0x0513CD12,0xC9B9CD8C,0x4736CA6F,0x8B9CCAF1,0x8159C3E8,0x4DF3C376,0xC37CC495,0x0FD6C40B,
+      0x7AA64737,0xB60C47A9,0x3883404A,0xF42940D4,0xFEEC49CD,0x32464953,0xBCC94EB0,0x70634E2E,
+      0xA9435C82,0x65E95C1C,0xEB665BFF,0x27CC5B61,0x2D095278,0xE1A352E6,0x6F2C5505,0xA386559B,
+      0x061D761C,0xCAB77682,0x44387161,0x889271FF,0x825778E6,0x4EFD7878,0xC0727F9B,0x0CD87F05,
+      0xD5F86DA9,0x19526D37,0x97DD6AD4,0x5B776A4A,0x51B26353,0x9D1863CD,0x1397642E,0xDF3D64B0,
+      0x83D02561,0x4F7A25FF,0xC1F5221C,0x0D5F2282,0x079A2B9B,0xCB302B05,0x45BF2CE6,0x89152C78,
+      0x50353ED4,0x9C9F3E4A,0x121039A9,0xDEBA3937,0xD47F302E,0x18D530B0,0x965A3753,0x5AF037CD,
+      0xFF6B144A,0x33C114D4,0xBD4E1337,0x71E413A9,0x7B211AB0,0xB78B1A2E,0x39041DCD,0xF5AE1D53,
+      0x2C8E0FFF,0xE0240F61,0x6EAB0882,0xA201081C,0xA8C40105,0x646E019B,0xEAE10678,0x264B06E6 }
+  };
+
+  inline uint32_t swap(uint32_t x)
+  {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+    return __builtin_bswap32(x);
+#endif
+#ifdef MSC_VER
+    return _byteswap_ulong(x);
+#endif
+
+    return (x >> 24) |
+          ((x >>  8) & 0x0000FF00) |
+          ((x <<  8) & 0x00FF0000) |
+           (x << 24);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// add arbitrary number of bytes
+void CRC32::add(const void* data, size_t numBytes)
+{
+  uint32_t* current = (uint32_t*) data;
+  uint32_t crc = ~m_hash;
+
+  // process eight bytes at once
+  while (numBytes >= 8)
+  {
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && (__BYTE_ORDER != 0) && (__BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN)
+    uint32_t one = *current++ ^ swap(crc);
+    uint32_t two = *current++;
+    crc  = crc32Lookup[7][ one>>24        ] ^
+           crc32Lookup[6][(one>>16) & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[5][(one>> 8) & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[4][ one      & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[3][ two>>24        ] ^
+           crc32Lookup[2][(two>>16) & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[1][(two>> 8) & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[0][ two      & 0xFF];
+#else
+    uint32_t one = *current++ ^ crc;
+    uint32_t two = *current++;
+    crc  = crc32Lookup[7][ one      & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[6][(one>> 8) & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[5][(one>>16) & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[4][ one>>24        ] ^
+           crc32Lookup[3][ two      & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[2][(two>> 8) & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[1][(two>>16) & 0xFF] ^
+           crc32Lookup[0][ two>>24        ];
+#endif
+    numBytes -= 8;
+  }
+
+  unsigned char* currentChar = (unsigned char*) current;
+  // remaining 1 to 7 bytes (standard CRC table-based algorithm)
+  while (numBytes--)
+    crc = (crc >> 8) ^ crc32Lookup[0][(crc & 0xFF) ^ *currentChar++];
+
+  m_hash = ~crc;
+}
+
+
+/// return latest hash as 8 hex characters
+std::string CRC32::getHash()
+{
+  // convert hash to string
+  static const char dec2hex[16+1] = "0123456789abcdef";
+
+  char hashBuffer[8+1];
+
+  hashBuffer[0] = dec2hex[ m_hash >> 28      ];
+  hashBuffer[1] = dec2hex[(m_hash >> 24) & 15];
+  hashBuffer[2] = dec2hex[(m_hash >> 20) & 15];
+  hashBuffer[3] = dec2hex[(m_hash >> 16) & 15];
+  hashBuffer[4] = dec2hex[(m_hash >> 12) & 15];
+  hashBuffer[5] = dec2hex[(m_hash >>  8) & 15];
+  hashBuffer[6] = dec2hex[(m_hash >>  4) & 15];
+  hashBuffer[7] = dec2hex[ m_hash        & 15];
+  // zero-terminated string
+  hashBuffer[8] = 0;
+
+  // convert to std::string
+  return hashBuffer;
+}
+
+
+/// return latest hash as bytes
+void CRC32::getHash(unsigned char buffer[CRC32::HashBytes])
+{
+  buffer[0] = (m_hash >> 24) & 0xFF;
+  buffer[1] = (m_hash >> 16) & 0xFF;
+  buffer[2] = (m_hash >>  8) & 0xFF;
+  buffer[3] =  m_hash        & 0xFF;
+}
+
+
+/// compute CRC32 of a memory block
+std::string CRC32::operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes)
+{
+  reset();
+  add(data, numBytes);
+  return getHash();
+}
+
+
+/// compute CRC32 of a string, excluding final zero
+std::string CRC32::operator()(const std::string& text)
+{
+  reset();
+  add(text.c_str(), text.size());
+  return getHash();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// crc32.h
+// Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+//#include "hash.h"
+#include <string>
+
+// define fixed size integer types
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// Windows
+typedef unsigned __int8  uint8_t;
+typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
+#else
+// GCC
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/// compute CRC32 hash, based on Intel's Slicing-by-8 algorithm
+/** Usage:
+    CRC32 crc32;
+    std::string myHash  = crc32("Hello World");     // std::string
+    std::string myHash2 = crc32("How are you", 11); // arbitrary data, 11 bytes
+
+    // or in a streaming fashion:
+
+    CRC32 crc32;
+    while (more data available)
+      crc32.add(pointer to fresh data, number of new bytes);
+    std::string myHash3 = crc32.getHash();
+
+    Note:
+    You can find code for the faster Slicing-by-16 algorithm on my website, too:
+    http://create.stephan-brumme.com/crc32/
+    Its unrolled version is about twice as fast but its look-up table doubled in size as well.
+  */
+class CRC32 //: public Hash
+{
+public:
+  /// hash is 4 bytes long
+  enum { HashBytes = 4 };
+
+  /// same as reset()
+  CRC32();
+
+  /// compute CRC32 of a memory block
+  std::string operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+  /// compute CRC32 of a string, excluding final zero
+  std::string operator()(const std::string& text);
+
+  /// add arbitrary number of bytes
+  void add(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+
+  /// return latest hash as 8 hex characters
+  std::string getHash();
+  /// return latest hash as bytes
+  void        getHash(unsigned char buffer[HashBytes]);
+
+  /// restart
+  void reset();
+
+private:
+  /// hash
+  uint32_t m_hash;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// digest.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+// g++ -O3 digest.cpp crc32.cpp md5.cpp sha1.cpp sha256.cpp keccak.cpp sha3.cpp -o digest
+
+#include "crc32.h"
+#include "md5.h"
+#include "sha1.h"
+#include "sha256.h"
+#include "keccak.h"
+#include "sha3.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+  // syntax check
+  if (argc < 2 || argc > 3)
+  {
+    std::cout << "./digest filename [--crc|--md5|--sha1|--sha256|--keccak|--sha3]" << std::endl;
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // parameters
+  std::string filename  = argv[1];
+  std::string algorithm = argc == 3 ? argv[2] : "";
+  bool computeCrc32     = algorithm.empty() || algorithm == "--crc";
+  bool computeMd5       = algorithm.empty() || algorithm == "--md5";
+  bool computeSha1      = algorithm.empty() || algorithm == "--sha1";
+  bool computeSha2      = algorithm.empty() || algorithm == "--sha2" || algorithm == "--sha256";
+  bool computeKeccak    = algorithm.empty() || algorithm == "--keccak";
+  bool computeSha3      = algorithm.empty() || algorithm == "--sha3";
+
+  CRC32  digestCrc32;
+  MD5    digestMd5;
+  SHA1   digestSha1;
+  SHA256 digestSha2;
+  Keccak digestKeccak(Keccak::Keccak256);
+  SHA3   digestSha3  (SHA3  ::Bits256);
+
+  // each cycle processes about 1 MByte (divisible by 144 => improves Keccak/SHA3 performance)
+  const size_t BufferSize = 144*7*1024;
+  char* buffer = new char[BufferSize];
+
+  // select input source: either file or standard-in
+  std::ifstream file;
+  std::istream* input = NULL;
+  // accept std::cin, syntax will be: "./digest - --sha3 < data"
+  if (filename == "-")
+  {
+    input = &std::cin;
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    // open file
+    file.open(filename.c_str(), std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
+    if (!file)
+    {
+      std::cerr << "Can't open '" << filename << "'" << std::endl;
+      return 2;
+    }
+
+    input = &file;
+  }
+
+  // process file
+  while (*input)
+  {
+    input->read(buffer, BufferSize);
+    std::size_t numBytesRead = size_t(input->gcount());
+
+    if (computeCrc32)
+      digestCrc32 .add(buffer, numBytesRead);
+    if (computeMd5)
+      digestMd5   .add(buffer, numBytesRead);
+    if (computeSha1)
+      digestSha1  .add(buffer, numBytesRead);
+    if (computeSha2)
+      digestSha2  .add(buffer, numBytesRead);
+    if (computeKeccak)
+      digestKeccak.add(buffer, numBytesRead);
+    if (computeSha3)
+      digestSha3  .add(buffer, numBytesRead);
+  }
+
+  // clean up
+  file.close();
+  delete[] buffer;
+
+  // show results
+  if (computeCrc32)
+    std::cout << "CRC32:      " << digestCrc32 .getHash() << std::endl;
+  if (computeMd5)
+    std::cout << "MD5:        " << digestMd5   .getHash() << std::endl;
+  if (computeSha1)
+    std::cout << "SHA1:       " << digestSha1  .getHash() << std::endl;
+  if (computeSha2)
+    std::cout << "SHA2/256:   " << digestSha2  .getHash() << std::endl;
+  if (computeKeccak)
+    std::cout << "Keccak/256: " << digestKeccak.getHash() << std::endl;
+  if (computeSha3)
+    std::cout << "SHA3/256:   " << digestSha3  .getHash() << std::endl;
+
+  return 0;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// hash.h
+// Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+/// abstract base class
+class Hash
+{
+public:
+  /// compute hash of a memory block
+  virtual std::string operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes) = 0;
+  /// compute hash of a string, excluding final zero
+  virtual std::string operator()(const std::string& text) = 0;
+
+  /// add arbitrary number of bytes
+  virtual void add(const void* data, size_t numBytes) = 0;
+
+  /// return latest hash as hex characters
+  virtual std::string getHash() = 0;
+
+  /// restart
+  virtual void reset() = 0;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// hmac.h
+// Copyright (c) 2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+// based on http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2104
+// see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code
+
+/** Usage:
+    std::string msg = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog";
+    std::string key = "key";
+    std::string md5hmac  = hmac< MD5  >(msg, key);
+    std::string sha1hmac = hmac< SHA1 >(msg, key);
+    std::string sha2hmac = hmac<SHA256>(msg, key);
+
+    Note:
+    To keep my code simple, HMAC computation currently needs the whole message at once.
+    This is in contrast to the hashes MD5, SHA1, etc. where an add() method is available
+    for incremental computation.
+    You can use any hash for HMAC as long as it provides:
+    - constant HashMethod::BlockSize (typically 64)
+    - constant HashMethod::HashBytes (length of hash in bytes, e.g. 20 for SHA1)
+    - HashMethod::add(buffer, bufferSize)
+    - HashMethod::getHash(unsigned char buffer[HashMethod::BlockSize])
+  */
+
+#include <string>
+#include <cstring> // memcpy
+
+/// compute HMAC hash of data and key using MD5, SHA1 or SHA256
+template <typename HashMethod>
+std::string hmac(const void* data, size_t numDataBytes, const void* key, size_t numKeyBytes)
+{
+  // initialize key with zeros
+  unsigned char usedKey[HashMethod::BlockSize] = {0};
+
+  // adjust length of key: must contain exactly blockSize bytes
+  if (numKeyBytes <= HashMethod::BlockSize)
+  {
+    // copy key
+    memcpy(usedKey, key, numKeyBytes);
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    // shorten key: usedKey = hashed(key)
+    HashMethod keyHasher;
+    keyHasher.add(key, numKeyBytes);
+    keyHasher.getHash(usedKey);
+  }
+
+  // create initial XOR padding
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < HashMethod::BlockSize; i++)
+    usedKey[i] ^= 0x36;
+
+  // inside = hash((usedKey ^ 0x36) + data)
+  unsigned char inside[HashMethod::HashBytes];
+  HashMethod insideHasher;
+  insideHasher.add(usedKey, HashMethod::BlockSize);
+  insideHasher.add(data,    numDataBytes);
+  insideHasher.getHash(inside);
+
+  // undo usedKey's previous 0x36 XORing and apply a XOR by 0x5C
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < HashMethod::BlockSize; i++)
+    usedKey[i] ^= 0x5C ^ 0x36;
+
+  // hash((usedKey ^ 0x5C) + hash((usedKey ^ 0x36) + data))
+  HashMethod finalHasher;
+  finalHasher.add(usedKey, HashMethod::BlockSize);
+  finalHasher.add(inside,  HashMethod::HashBytes);
+
+  return finalHasher.getHash();
+}
+
+
+/// convenience function for std::string
+template <typename HashMethod>
+std::string hmac(const std::string& data, const std::string& key)
+{
+  return hmac<HashMethod>(data.c_str(), data.size(), key.c_str(), key.size());
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// keccak.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#include "keccak.h"
+
+// big endian architectures need #define __BYTE_ORDER __BIG_ENDIAN
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+//#include <endian.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/// same as reset()
+Keccak::Keccak(Bits bits)
+: m_blockSize(200 - 2 * (bits / 8)),
+  m_bits(bits)
+{
+  reset();
+}
+
+
+/// restart
+void Keccak::reset()
+{
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < StateSize; i++)
+    m_hash[i] = 0;
+
+  m_numBytes   = 0;
+  m_bufferSize = 0;
+}
+
+
+/// constants and local helper functions
+namespace
+{
+  const unsigned int KeccakRounds = 24;
+  const uint64_t XorMasks[KeccakRounds] =
+  {
+    0x0000000000000001ULL, 0x0000000000008082ULL, 0x800000000000808aULL,
+    0x8000000080008000ULL, 0x000000000000808bULL, 0x0000000080000001ULL,
+    0x8000000080008081ULL, 0x8000000000008009ULL, 0x000000000000008aULL,
+    0x0000000000000088ULL, 0x0000000080008009ULL, 0x000000008000000aULL,
+    0x000000008000808bULL, 0x800000000000008bULL, 0x8000000000008089ULL,
+    0x8000000000008003ULL, 0x8000000000008002ULL, 0x8000000000000080ULL,
+    0x000000000000800aULL, 0x800000008000000aULL, 0x8000000080008081ULL,
+    0x8000000000008080ULL, 0x0000000080000001ULL, 0x8000000080008008ULL
+  };
+
+  /// rotate left and wrap around to the right
+  inline uint64_t rotateLeft(uint64_t x, uint8_t numBits)
+  {
+    return (x << numBits) | (x >> (64 - numBits));
+  }
+
+  /// convert litte vs big endian
+  inline uint64_t swap(uint64_t x)
+  {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+    return __builtin_bswap64(x);
+#endif
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    return _byteswap_uint64(x);
+#endif
+
+    return  (x >> 56) |
+           ((x >> 40) & 0x000000000000FF00ULL) |
+           ((x >> 24) & 0x0000000000FF0000ULL) |
+           ((x >>  8) & 0x00000000FF000000ULL) |
+           ((x <<  8) & 0x000000FF00000000ULL) |
+           ((x << 24) & 0x0000FF0000000000ULL) |
+           ((x << 40) & 0x00FF000000000000ULL) |
+            (x << 56);
+  }
+
+
+  /// return x % 5 for 0 <= x <= 9
+  unsigned int mod5(unsigned int x)
+  {
+    if (x < 5)
+      return x;
+
+    return x - 5;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// process a full block
+void Keccak::processBlock(const void* data)
+{
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && (__BYTE_ORDER != 0) && (__BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN)
+#define LITTLEENDIAN(x) swap(x)
+#else
+#define LITTLEENDIAN(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+  const uint64_t* data64 = (const uint64_t*) data;
+  // mix data into state
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < m_blockSize / 8; i++)
+    m_hash[i] ^= LITTLEENDIAN(data64[i]);
+
+  // re-compute state
+  for (unsigned int round = 0; round < KeccakRounds; round++)
+  {
+    // Theta
+    uint64_t coefficients[5];
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+      coefficients[i] = m_hash[i] ^ m_hash[i + 5] ^ m_hash[i + 10] ^ m_hash[i + 15] ^ m_hash[i + 20];
+
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+    {
+      uint64_t one = coefficients[mod5(i + 4)] ^ rotateLeft(coefficients[mod5(i + 1)], 1);
+      m_hash[i     ] ^= one;
+      m_hash[i +  5] ^= one;
+      m_hash[i + 10] ^= one;
+      m_hash[i + 15] ^= one;
+      m_hash[i + 20] ^= one;
+    }
+
+    // temporary
+    uint64_t one;
+
+    // Rho Pi
+    uint64_t last = m_hash[1];
+    one = m_hash[10]; m_hash[10] = rotateLeft(last,  1); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[ 7]; m_hash[ 7] = rotateLeft(last,  3); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[11]; m_hash[11] = rotateLeft(last,  6); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[17]; m_hash[17] = rotateLeft(last, 10); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[18]; m_hash[18] = rotateLeft(last, 15); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[ 3]; m_hash[ 3] = rotateLeft(last, 21); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[ 5]; m_hash[ 5] = rotateLeft(last, 28); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[16]; m_hash[16] = rotateLeft(last, 36); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[ 8]; m_hash[ 8] = rotateLeft(last, 45); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[21]; m_hash[21] = rotateLeft(last, 55); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[24]; m_hash[24] = rotateLeft(last,  2); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[ 4]; m_hash[ 4] = rotateLeft(last, 14); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[15]; m_hash[15] = rotateLeft(last, 27); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[23]; m_hash[23] = rotateLeft(last, 41); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[19]; m_hash[19] = rotateLeft(last, 56); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[13]; m_hash[13] = rotateLeft(last,  8); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[12]; m_hash[12] = rotateLeft(last, 25); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[ 2]; m_hash[ 2] = rotateLeft(last, 43); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[20]; m_hash[20] = rotateLeft(last, 62); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[14]; m_hash[14] = rotateLeft(last, 18); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[22]; m_hash[22] = rotateLeft(last, 39); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[ 9]; m_hash[ 9] = rotateLeft(last, 61); last = one;
+    one = m_hash[ 6]; m_hash[ 6] = rotateLeft(last, 20); last = one;
+                      m_hash[ 1] = rotateLeft(last, 44);
+
+    // Chi
+    for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 25; j += 5)
+    {
+      // temporaries
+      uint64_t one = m_hash[j];
+      uint64_t two = m_hash[j + 1];
+
+      m_hash[j]     ^= m_hash[j + 2] & ~two;
+      m_hash[j + 1] ^= m_hash[j + 3] & ~m_hash[j + 2];
+      m_hash[j + 2] ^= m_hash[j + 4] & ~m_hash[j + 3];
+      m_hash[j + 3] ^=      one      & ~m_hash[j + 4];
+      m_hash[j + 4] ^=      two      & ~one;
+    }
+
+    // Iota
+    m_hash[0] ^= XorMasks[round];
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// add arbitrary number of bytes
+void Keccak::add(const void* data, size_t numBytes)
+{
+  const uint8_t* current = (const uint8_t*) data;
+
+  if (m_bufferSize > 0)
+  {
+    while (numBytes > 0 && m_bufferSize < m_blockSize)
+    {
+      m_buffer[m_bufferSize++] = *current++;
+      numBytes--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // full buffer
+  if (m_bufferSize == m_blockSize)
+  {
+    processBlock((void*)m_buffer);
+    m_numBytes  += m_blockSize;
+    m_bufferSize = 0;
+  }
+
+  // no more data ?
+  if (numBytes == 0)
+    return;
+
+  // process full blocks
+  while (numBytes >= m_blockSize)
+  {
+    processBlock(current);
+    current    += m_blockSize;
+    m_numBytes += m_blockSize;
+    numBytes   -= m_blockSize;
+  }
+
+  // keep remaining bytes in buffer
+  while (numBytes > 0)
+  {
+    m_buffer[m_bufferSize++] = *current++;
+    numBytes--;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// process everything left in the internal buffer
+void Keccak::processBuffer()
+{
+  unsigned int blockSize = 200 - 2 * (m_bits / 8);
+
+  // add padding
+  size_t offset = m_bufferSize;
+  // add a "1" byte
+  m_buffer[offset++] = 1;
+  // fill with zeros
+  while (offset < blockSize)
+    m_buffer[offset++] = 0;
+
+  // and add a single set bit
+  m_buffer[blockSize - 1] |= 0x80;
+
+  processBlock(m_buffer);
+}
+
+
+/// return latest hash as 16 hex characters
+std::string Keccak::getHash()
+{
+  // process remaining bytes
+  processBuffer();
+
+  // convert hash to string
+  static const char dec2hex[16 + 1] = "0123456789abcdef";
+
+  // number of significant elements in hash (uint64_t)
+  unsigned int hashLength = m_bits / 64;
+
+  std::string result;
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < hashLength; i++)
+    for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 8; j++) // 64 bits => 8 bytes
+    {
+      // convert a byte to hex
+      unsigned char oneByte = (unsigned char) (m_hash[i] >> (8 * j));
+      result += dec2hex[oneByte >> 4];
+      result += dec2hex[oneByte & 15];
+    }
+
+  // Keccak224's last entry in m_hash provides only 32 bits instead of 64 bits
+  unsigned int remainder = m_bits - hashLength * 64;
+  unsigned int processed = 0;
+  while (processed < remainder)
+  {
+    // convert a byte to hex
+    unsigned char oneByte = (unsigned char) (m_hash[hashLength] >> processed);
+    result += dec2hex[oneByte >> 4];
+    result += dec2hex[oneByte & 15];
+
+    processed += 8;
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+/// compute Keccak hash of a memory block
+std::string Keccak::operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes)
+{
+  reset();
+  add(data, numBytes);
+  return getHash();
+}
+
+
+/// compute Keccak hash of a string, excluding final zero
+std::string Keccak::operator()(const std::string& text)
+{
+  reset();
+  add(text.c_str(), text.size());
+  return getHash();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// keccak.h
+// Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+//#include "hash.h"
+#include <string>
+
+// define fixed size integer types
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// Windows
+typedef unsigned __int8  uint8_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+#else
+// GCC
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/// compute Keccak hash (designated SHA3)
+/** Usage:
+    Keccak keccak;
+    std::string myHash  = keccak("Hello World");     // std::string
+    std::string myHash2 = keccak("How are you", 11); // arbitrary data, 11 bytes
+
+    // or in a streaming fashion:
+
+    Keccak keccak;
+    while (more data available)
+      keccak.add(pointer to fresh data, number of new bytes);
+    std::string myHash3 = keccak.getHash();
+  */
+class Keccak //: public Hash
+{
+public:
+  /// algorithm variants
+  enum Bits { Keccak224 = 224, Keccak256 = 256, Keccak384 = 384, Keccak512 = 512 };
+
+  /// same as reset()
+  explicit Keccak(Bits bits = Keccak256);
+
+  /// compute hash of a memory block
+  std::string operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+  /// compute hash of a string, excluding final zero
+  std::string operator()(const std::string& text);
+
+  /// add arbitrary number of bytes
+  void add(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+
+  /// return latest hash as hex characters
+  std::string getHash();
+
+  /// restart
+  void reset();
+
+private:
+  /// process a full block
+  void processBlock(const void* data);
+  /// process everything left in the internal buffer
+  void processBuffer();
+
+  /// 1600 bits, stored as 25x64 bit, BlockSize is no more than 1152 bits (Keccak224)
+  enum { StateSize    = 1600 / (8 * 8),
+         MaxBlockSize =  200 - 2 * (224 / 8) };
+
+  /// hash
+  uint64_t m_hash[StateSize];
+  /// size of processed data in bytes
+  uint64_t m_numBytes;
+  /// block size (less or equal to MaxBlockSize)
+  size_t   m_blockSize;
+  /// valid bytes in m_buffer
+  size_t   m_bufferSize;
+  /// bytes not processed yet
+  uint8_t  m_buffer[MaxBlockSize];
+  /// variant
+  Bits     m_bits;
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// md5.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#include "md5.h"
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+//#include <endian.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/// same as reset()
+MD5::MD5()
+{
+  reset();
+}
+
+
+/// restart
+void MD5::reset()
+{
+  m_numBytes   = 0;
+  m_bufferSize = 0;
+
+  // according to RFC 1321
+  m_hash[0] = 0x67452301;
+  m_hash[1] = 0xefcdab89;
+  m_hash[2] = 0x98badcfe;
+  m_hash[3] = 0x10325476;
+}
+
+
+namespace
+{
+  // mix functions for processBlock()
+  inline uint32_t f1(uint32_t b, uint32_t c, uint32_t d)
+  {
+    return d ^ (b & (c ^ d)); // original: f = (b & c) | ((~b) & d);
+  }
+
+  inline uint32_t f2(uint32_t b, uint32_t c, uint32_t d)
+  {
+    return c ^ (d & (b ^ c)); // original: f = (b & d) | (c & (~d));
+  }
+
+  inline uint32_t f3(uint32_t b, uint32_t c, uint32_t d)
+  {
+    return b ^ c ^ d;
+  }
+
+  inline uint32_t f4(uint32_t b, uint32_t c, uint32_t d)
+  {
+    return c ^ (b | ~d);
+  }
+
+  inline uint32_t rotate(uint32_t a, uint32_t c)
+  {
+    return (a << c) | (a >> (32 - c));
+  }
+
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && (__BYTE_ORDER != 0) && (__BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN)
+  inline uint32_t swap(uint32_t x)
+  {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+    return __builtin_bswap32(x);
+#endif
+#ifdef MSC_VER
+    return _byteswap_ulong(x);
+#endif
+
+    return (x >> 24) |
+          ((x >>  8) & 0x0000FF00) |
+          ((x <<  8) & 0x00FF0000) |
+           (x << 24);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/// process 64 bytes
+void MD5::processBlock(const void* data)
+{
+  // get last hash
+  uint32_t a = m_hash[0];
+  uint32_t b = m_hash[1];
+  uint32_t c = m_hash[2];
+  uint32_t d = m_hash[3];
+
+  // data represented as 16x 32-bit words
+  const uint32_t* words = (uint32_t*) data;
+
+  // computations are little endian, swap data if necessary
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && (__BYTE_ORDER != 0) && (__BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN)
+#define LITTLEENDIAN(x) swap(x)
+#else
+#define LITTLEENDIAN(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+  // first round
+  uint32_t word0  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 0]);
+  a = rotate(a + f1(b,c,d) + word0  + 0xd76aa478,  7) + b;
+  uint32_t word1  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 1]);
+  d = rotate(d + f1(a,b,c) + word1  + 0xe8c7b756, 12) + a;
+  uint32_t word2  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 2]);
+  c = rotate(c + f1(d,a,b) + word2  + 0x242070db, 17) + d;
+  uint32_t word3  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 3]);
+  b = rotate(b + f1(c,d,a) + word3  + 0xc1bdceee, 22) + c;
+
+  uint32_t word4  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 4]);
+  a = rotate(a + f1(b,c,d) + word4  + 0xf57c0faf,  7) + b;
+  uint32_t word5  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 5]);
+  d = rotate(d + f1(a,b,c) + word5  + 0x4787c62a, 12) + a;
+  uint32_t word6  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 6]);
+  c = rotate(c + f1(d,a,b) + word6  + 0xa8304613, 17) + d;
+  uint32_t word7  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 7]);
+  b = rotate(b + f1(c,d,a) + word7  + 0xfd469501, 22) + c;
+
+  uint32_t word8  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 8]);
+  a = rotate(a + f1(b,c,d) + word8  + 0x698098d8,  7) + b;
+  uint32_t word9  = LITTLEENDIAN(words[ 9]);
+  d = rotate(d + f1(a,b,c) + word9  + 0x8b44f7af, 12) + a;
+  uint32_t word10 = LITTLEENDIAN(words[10]);
+  c = rotate(c + f1(d,a,b) + word10 + 0xffff5bb1, 17) + d;
+  uint32_t word11 = LITTLEENDIAN(words[11]);
+  b = rotate(b + f1(c,d,a) + word11 + 0x895cd7be, 22) + c;
+
+  uint32_t word12 = LITTLEENDIAN(words[12]);
+  a = rotate(a + f1(b,c,d) + word12 + 0x6b901122,  7) + b;
+  uint32_t word13 = LITTLEENDIAN(words[13]);
+  d = rotate(d + f1(a,b,c) + word13 + 0xfd987193, 12) + a;
+  uint32_t word14 = LITTLEENDIAN(words[14]);
+  c = rotate(c + f1(d,a,b) + word14 + 0xa679438e, 17) + d;
+  uint32_t word15 = LITTLEENDIAN(words[15]);
+  b = rotate(b + f1(c,d,a) + word15 + 0x49b40821, 22) + c;
+
+  // second round
+  a = rotate(a + f2(b,c,d) + word1  + 0xf61e2562,  5) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f2(a,b,c) + word6  + 0xc040b340,  9) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f2(d,a,b) + word11 + 0x265e5a51, 14) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f2(c,d,a) + word0  + 0xe9b6c7aa, 20) + c;
+
+  a = rotate(a + f2(b,c,d) + word5  + 0xd62f105d,  5) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f2(a,b,c) + word10 + 0x02441453,  9) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f2(d,a,b) + word15 + 0xd8a1e681, 14) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f2(c,d,a) + word4  + 0xe7d3fbc8, 20) + c;
+
+  a = rotate(a + f2(b,c,d) + word9  + 0x21e1cde6,  5) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f2(a,b,c) + word14 + 0xc33707d6,  9) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f2(d,a,b) + word3  + 0xf4d50d87, 14) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f2(c,d,a) + word8  + 0x455a14ed, 20) + c;
+
+  a = rotate(a + f2(b,c,d) + word13 + 0xa9e3e905,  5) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f2(a,b,c) + word2  + 0xfcefa3f8,  9) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f2(d,a,b) + word7  + 0x676f02d9, 14) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f2(c,d,a) + word12 + 0x8d2a4c8a, 20) + c;
+
+  // third round
+  a = rotate(a + f3(b,c,d) + word5  + 0xfffa3942,  4) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f3(a,b,c) + word8  + 0x8771f681, 11) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f3(d,a,b) + word11 + 0x6d9d6122, 16) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f3(c,d,a) + word14 + 0xfde5380c, 23) + c;
+
+  a = rotate(a + f3(b,c,d) + word1  + 0xa4beea44,  4) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f3(a,b,c) + word4  + 0x4bdecfa9, 11) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f3(d,a,b) + word7  + 0xf6bb4b60, 16) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f3(c,d,a) + word10 + 0xbebfbc70, 23) + c;
+
+  a = rotate(a + f3(b,c,d) + word13 + 0x289b7ec6,  4) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f3(a,b,c) + word0  + 0xeaa127fa, 11) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f3(d,a,b) + word3  + 0xd4ef3085, 16) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f3(c,d,a) + word6  + 0x04881d05, 23) + c;
+
+  a = rotate(a + f3(b,c,d) + word9  + 0xd9d4d039,  4) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f3(a,b,c) + word12 + 0xe6db99e5, 11) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f3(d,a,b) + word15 + 0x1fa27cf8, 16) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f3(c,d,a) + word2  + 0xc4ac5665, 23) + c;
+
+  // fourth round
+  a = rotate(a + f4(b,c,d) + word0  + 0xf4292244,  6) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f4(a,b,c) + word7  + 0x432aff97, 10) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f4(d,a,b) + word14 + 0xab9423a7, 15) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f4(c,d,a) + word5  + 0xfc93a039, 21) + c;
+
+  a = rotate(a + f4(b,c,d) + word12 + 0x655b59c3,  6) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f4(a,b,c) + word3  + 0x8f0ccc92, 10) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f4(d,a,b) + word10 + 0xffeff47d, 15) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f4(c,d,a) + word1  + 0x85845dd1, 21) + c;
+
+  a = rotate(a + f4(b,c,d) + word8  + 0x6fa87e4f,  6) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f4(a,b,c) + word15 + 0xfe2ce6e0, 10) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f4(d,a,b) + word6  + 0xa3014314, 15) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f4(c,d,a) + word13 + 0x4e0811a1, 21) + c;
+
+  a = rotate(a + f4(b,c,d) + word4  + 0xf7537e82,  6) + b;
+  d = rotate(d + f4(a,b,c) + word11 + 0xbd3af235, 10) + a;
+  c = rotate(c + f4(d,a,b) + word2  + 0x2ad7d2bb, 15) + d;
+  b = rotate(b + f4(c,d,a) + word9  + 0xeb86d391, 21) + c;
+
+  // update hash
+  m_hash[0] += a;
+  m_hash[1] += b;
+  m_hash[2] += c;
+  m_hash[3] += d;
+}
+
+
+/// add arbitrary number of bytes
+void MD5::add(const void* data, size_t numBytes)
+{
+  const uint8_t* current = (const uint8_t*) data;
+
+  if (m_bufferSize > 0)
+  {
+    while (numBytes > 0 && m_bufferSize < BlockSize)
+    {
+      m_buffer[m_bufferSize++] = *current++;
+      numBytes--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // full buffer
+  if (m_bufferSize == BlockSize)
+  {
+    processBlock(m_buffer);
+    m_numBytes  += BlockSize;
+    m_bufferSize = 0;
+  }
+
+  // no more data ?
+  if (numBytes == 0)
+    return;
+
+  // process full blocks
+  while (numBytes >= BlockSize)
+  {
+    processBlock(current);
+    current    += BlockSize;
+    m_numBytes += BlockSize;
+    numBytes   -= BlockSize;
+  }
+
+  // keep remaining bytes in buffer
+  while (numBytes > 0)
+  {
+    m_buffer[m_bufferSize++] = *current++;
+    numBytes--;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// process final block, less than 64 bytes
+void MD5::processBuffer()
+{
+  // the input bytes are considered as bits strings, where the first bit is the most significant bit of the byte
+
+  // - append "1" bit to message
+  // - append "0" bits until message length in bit mod 512 is 448
+  // - append length as 64 bit integer
+
+  // number of bits
+  size_t paddedLength = m_bufferSize * 8;
+
+  // plus one bit set to 1 (always appended)
+  paddedLength++;
+
+  // number of bits must be (numBits % 512) = 448
+  size_t lower11Bits = paddedLength & 511;
+  if (lower11Bits <= 448)
+    paddedLength +=       448 - lower11Bits;
+  else
+    paddedLength += 512 + 448 - lower11Bits;
+  // convert from bits to bytes
+  paddedLength /= 8;
+
+  // only needed if additional data flows over into a second block
+  unsigned char extra[BlockSize];
+
+  // append a "1" bit, 128 => binary 10000000
+  if (m_bufferSize < BlockSize)
+    m_buffer[m_bufferSize] = 128;
+  else
+    extra[0] = 128;
+
+  size_t i;
+  for (i = m_bufferSize + 1; i < BlockSize; i++)
+    m_buffer[i] = 0;
+  for (; i < paddedLength; i++)
+    extra[i - BlockSize] = 0;
+
+  // add message length in bits as 64 bit number
+  uint64_t msgBits = 8 * (m_numBytes + m_bufferSize);
+  // find right position
+  unsigned char* addLength;
+  if (paddedLength < BlockSize)
+    addLength = m_buffer + paddedLength;
+  else
+    addLength = extra + paddedLength - BlockSize;
+
+  // must be little endian
+  *addLength++ = msgBits & 0xFF; msgBits >>= 8;
+  *addLength++ = msgBits & 0xFF; msgBits >>= 8;
+  *addLength++ = msgBits & 0xFF; msgBits >>= 8;
+  *addLength++ = msgBits & 0xFF; msgBits >>= 8;
+  *addLength++ = msgBits & 0xFF; msgBits >>= 8;
+  *addLength++ = msgBits & 0xFF; msgBits >>= 8;
+  *addLength++ = msgBits & 0xFF; msgBits >>= 8;
+  *addLength++ = msgBits & 0xFF;
+
+  // process blocks
+  processBlock(m_buffer);
+  // flowed over into a second block ?
+  if (paddedLength > BlockSize)
+    processBlock(extra);
+}
+
+
+/// return latest hash as 32 hex characters
+std::string MD5::getHash()
+{
+  // compute hash (as raw bytes)
+  unsigned char rawHash[HashBytes];
+  getHash(rawHash);
+
+  // convert to hex string
+  std::string result;
+  result.reserve(2 * HashBytes);
+  for (int i = 0; i < HashBytes; i++)
+  {
+    static const char dec2hex[16+1] = "0123456789abcdef";
+    result += dec2hex[(rawHash[i] >> 4) & 15];
+    result += dec2hex[ rawHash[i]       & 15];
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+/// return latest hash as bytes
+void MD5::getHash(unsigned char buffer[MD5::HashBytes])
+{
+  // save old hash if buffer is partially filled
+  uint32_t oldHash[HashValues];
+  for (int i = 0; i < HashValues; i++)
+    oldHash[i] = m_hash[i];
+
+  // process remaining bytes
+  processBuffer();
+
+  unsigned char* current = buffer;
+  for (int i = 0; i < HashValues; i++)
+  {
+    *current++ =  m_hash[i]        & 0xFF;
+    *current++ = (m_hash[i] >>  8) & 0xFF;
+    *current++ = (m_hash[i] >> 16) & 0xFF;
+    *current++ = (m_hash[i] >> 24) & 0xFF;
+
+    // restore old hash
+    m_hash[i] = oldHash[i];
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// compute MD5 of a memory block
+std::string MD5::operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes)
+{
+  reset();
+  add(data, numBytes);
+  return getHash();
+}
+
+
+/// compute MD5 of a string, excluding final zero
+std::string MD5::operator()(const std::string& text)
+{
+  reset();
+  add(text.c_str(), text.size());
+  return getHash();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// md5.h
+// Copyright (c) 2014 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+//#include "hash.h"
+#include <string>
+
+// define fixed size integer types
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// Windows
+typedef unsigned __int8  uint8_t;
+typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+#else
+// GCC
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/// compute MD5 hash
+/** Usage:
+    MD5 md5;
+    std::string myHash  = md5("Hello World");     // std::string
+    std::string myHash2 = md5("How are you", 11); // arbitrary data, 11 bytes
+
+    // or in a streaming fashion:
+
+    MD5 md5;
+    while (more data available)
+      md5.add(pointer to fresh data, number of new bytes);
+    std::string myHash3 = md5.getHash();
+  */
+class MD5 //: public Hash
+{
+public:
+  /// split into 64 byte blocks (=> 512 bits), hash is 16 bytes long
+  enum { BlockSize = 512 / 8, HashBytes = 16 };
+
+  /// same as reset()
+  MD5();
+
+  /// compute MD5 of a memory block
+  std::string operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+  /// compute MD5 of a string, excluding final zero
+  std::string operator()(const std::string& text);
+
+  /// add arbitrary number of bytes
+  void add(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+
+  /// return latest hash as 32 hex characters
+  std::string getHash();
+  /// return latest hash as bytes
+  void        getHash(unsigned char buffer[HashBytes]);
+
+  /// restart
+  void reset();
+
+private:
+  /// process 64 bytes
+  void processBlock(const void* data);
+  /// process everything left in the internal buffer
+  void processBuffer();
+
+  /// size of processed data in bytes
+  uint64_t m_numBytes;
+  /// valid bytes in m_buffer
+  size_t   m_bufferSize;
+  /// bytes not processed yet
+  uint8_t  m_buffer[BlockSize];
+
+  enum { HashValues = HashBytes / 4 };
+  /// hash, stored as integers
+  uint32_t m_hash[HashValues];
+};
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Portable C++ Hashing Library
+
+This is a mirror of my library hosted at https://create.stephan-brumme.com/hash-library/
+
+In a nutshell:
+
+- computes CRC32, MD5, SHA1 and SHA256 (most common member of the SHA2 functions), Keccak and its SHA3 sibling
+- optional HMAC (keyed-hash message authentication code)
+- no external dependencies, small code size
+- can work chunk-wise (for example when reading streams block-by-block)
+- portable: supports Windows and Linux, tested on Little Endian and Big Endian CPUs
+- roughly as fast as Linux core hashing functions
+- open source, zlib license
+
+You can find code examples, benchmarks and much more on my website https://create.stephan-brumme.com/hash-library/
+
+# How to use
+
+This example computes SHA256 hashes but the API is more or less identical for all hash algorithms:
+
+``` cpp
+// SHA2 test program
+#include "sha256.h"
+#include <iostream> // for std::cout only, not needed for hashing library
+
+int main(int, char**)
+{
+  // create a new hashing object
+  SHA256 sha256;
+
+  // hashing an std::string
+  std::cout << sha256("Hello World") << std::endl;
+  // => a591a6d40bf420404a011733cfb7b190d62c65bf0bcda32b57b277d9ad9f146e
+
+  // hashing a buffer of bytes
+  const char* buffer = "How are you";
+  std::cout << sha256(buffer, 11) << std::endl;
+  // => 9c7d5b046878838da72e40ceb3179580958df544b240869b80d0275cc07209cc
+
+  // or in a streaming fashion (re-use "How are you")
+  SHA256 sha256stream;
+  const char* url = "create.stephan-brumme.com"; // 25 bytes
+  int step = 5;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 25; i += step)
+    sha256stream.add(url + i, step); // add five bytes at a time
+  std::cout << sha256stream.getHash() << std::endl;
+  // => 82aa771f1183c52f973c798c9243a1c73833ea40961c73e55e12430ec77b69f6
+
+  return 0;
+}
+```
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// sha1.cpp
+// Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#include "sha1.h"
+
+// big endian architectures need #define __BYTE_ORDER __BIG_ENDIAN
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+//#include <endian.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/// same as reset()
+SHA1::SHA1()
+{
+  reset();
+}
+
+
+/// restart
+void SHA1::reset()
+{
+  m_numBytes   = 0;
+  m_bufferSize = 0;
+
+  // according to RFC 1321
+  m_hash[0] = 0x67452301;
+  m_hash[1] = 0xefcdab89;
+  m_hash[2] = 0x98badcfe;
+  m_hash[3] = 0x10325476;
+  m_hash[4] = 0xc3d2e1f0;
+}
+
+
+namespace
+{
+  // mix functions for processBlock()
+  inline uint32_t f1(uint32_t b, uint32_t c, uint32_t d)
+  {
+    return d ^ (b & (c ^ d)); // original: f = (b & c) | ((~b) & d);
+  }
+
+  inline uint32_t f2(uint32_t b, uint32_t c, uint32_t d)
+  {
+    return b ^ c ^ d;
+  }
+
+  inline uint32_t f3(uint32_t b, uint32_t c, uint32_t d)
+  {
+    return (b & c) | (b & d) | (c & d);
+  }
+
+  inline uint32_t rotate(uint32_t a, uint32_t c)
+  {
+    return (a << c) | (a >> (32 - c));
+  }
+
+  inline uint32_t swap(uint32_t x)
+  {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+    return __builtin_bswap32(x);
+#endif
+#ifdef MSC_VER
+    return _byteswap_ulong(x);
+#endif
+
+    return (x >> 24) |
+          ((x >>  8) & 0x0000FF00) |
+          ((x <<  8) & 0x00FF0000) |
+           (x << 24);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// process 64 bytes
+void SHA1::processBlock(const void* data)
+{
+  // get last hash
+  uint32_t a = m_hash[0];
+  uint32_t b = m_hash[1];
+  uint32_t c = m_hash[2];
+  uint32_t d = m_hash[3];
+  uint32_t e = m_hash[4];
+
+  // data represented as 16x 32-bit words
+  const uint32_t* input = (uint32_t*) data;
+  // convert to big endian
+  uint32_t words[80];
+  for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && (__BYTE_ORDER != 0) && (__BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN)
+    words[i] = input[i];
+#else
+    words[i] = swap(input[i]);
+#endif
+
+  // extend to 80 words
+  for (int i = 16; i < 80; i++)
+    words[i] = rotate(words[i-3] ^ words[i-8] ^ words[i-14] ^ words[i-16], 1);
+
+  // first round
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+  {
+    int offset = 5*i;
+    e += rotate(a,5) + f1(b,c,d) + words[offset  ] + 0x5a827999; b = rotate(b,30);
+    d += rotate(e,5) + f1(a,b,c) + words[offset+1] + 0x5a827999; a = rotate(a,30);
+    c += rotate(d,5) + f1(e,a,b) + words[offset+2] + 0x5a827999; e = rotate(e,30);
+    b += rotate(c,5) + f1(d,e,a) + words[offset+3] + 0x5a827999; d = rotate(d,30);
+    a += rotate(b,5) + f1(c,d,e) + words[offset+4] + 0x5a827999; c = rotate(c,30);
+  }
+
+  // second round
+  for (int i = 4; i < 8; i++)
+  {
+    int offset = 5*i;
+    e += rotate(a,5) + f2(b,c,d) + words[offset  ] + 0x6ed9eba1; b = rotate(b,30);
+    d += rotate(e,5) + f2(a,b,c) + words[offset+1] + 0x6ed9eba1; a = rotate(a,30);
+    c += rotate(d,5) + f2(e,a,b) + words[offset+2] + 0x6ed9eba1; e = rotate(e,30);
+    b += rotate(c,5) + f2(d,e,a) + words[offset+3] + 0x6ed9eba1; d = rotate(d,30);
+    a += rotate(b,5) + f2(c,d,e) + words[offset+4] + 0x6ed9eba1; c = rotate(c,30);
+  }
+
+  // third round
+  for (int i = 8; i < 12; i++)
+  {
+    int offset = 5*i;
+    e += rotate(a,5) + f3(b,c,d) + words[offset  ] + 0x8f1bbcdc; b = rotate(b,30);
+    d += rotate(e,5) + f3(a,b,c) + words[offset+1] + 0x8f1bbcdc; a = rotate(a,30);
+    c += rotate(d,5) + f3(e,a,b) + words[offset+2] + 0x8f1bbcdc; e = rotate(e,30);
+    b += rotate(c,5) + f3(d,e,a) + words[offset+3] + 0x8f1bbcdc; d = rotate(d,30);
+    a += rotate(b,5) + f3(c,d,e) + words[offset+4] + 0x8f1bbcdc; c = rotate(c,30);
+  }
+
+  // fourth round
+  for (int i = 12; i < 16; i++)
+  {
+    int offset = 5*i;
+    e += rotate(a,5) + f2(b,c,d) + words[offset  ] + 0xca62c1d6; b = rotate(b,30);
+    d += rotate(e,5) + f2(a,b,c) + words[offset+1] + 0xca62c1d6; a = rotate(a,30);
+    c += rotate(d,5) + f2(e,a,b) + words[offset+2] + 0xca62c1d6; e = rotate(e,30);
+    b += rotate(c,5) + f2(d,e,a) + words[offset+3] + 0xca62c1d6; d = rotate(d,30);
+    a += rotate(b,5) + f2(c,d,e) + words[offset+4] + 0xca62c1d6; c = rotate(c,30);
+  }
+
+  // update hash
+  m_hash[0] += a;
+  m_hash[1] += b;
+  m_hash[2] += c;
+  m_hash[3] += d;
+  m_hash[4] += e;
+}
+
+
+/// add arbitrary number of bytes
+void SHA1::add(const void* data, size_t numBytes)
+{
+  const uint8_t* current = (const uint8_t*) data;
+
+  if (m_bufferSize > 0)
+  {
+    while (numBytes > 0 && m_bufferSize < BlockSize)
+    {
+      m_buffer[m_bufferSize++] = *current++;
+      numBytes--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // full buffer
+  if (m_bufferSize == BlockSize)
+  {
+    processBlock((void*)m_buffer);
+    m_numBytes  += BlockSize;
+    m_bufferSize = 0;
+  }
+
+  // no more data ?
+  if (numBytes == 0)
+    return;
+
+  // process full blocks
+  while (numBytes >= BlockSize)
+  {
+    processBlock(current);
+    current    += BlockSize;
+    m_numBytes += BlockSize;
+    numBytes   -= BlockSize;
+  }
+
+  // keep remaining bytes in buffer
+  while (numBytes > 0)
+  {
+    m_buffer[m_bufferSize++] = *current++;
+    numBytes--;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// process final block, less than 64 bytes
+void SHA1::processBuffer()
+{
+  // the input bytes are considered as bits strings, where the first bit is the most significant bit of the byte
+
+  // - append "1" bit to message
+  // - append "0" bits until message length in bit mod 512 is 448
+  // - append length as 64 bit integer
+
+  // number of bits
+  size_t paddedLength = m_bufferSize * 8;
+
+  // plus one bit set to 1 (always appended)
+  paddedLength++;
+
+  // number of bits must be (numBits % 512) = 448
+  size_t lower11Bits = paddedLength & 511;
+  if (lower11Bits <= 448)
+    paddedLength +=       448 - lower11Bits;
+  else
+    paddedLength += 512 + 448 - lower11Bits;
+  // convert from bits to bytes
+  paddedLength /= 8;
+
+  // only needed if additional data flows over into a second block
+  unsigned char extra[BlockSize];
+
+  // append a "1" bit, 128 => binary 10000000
+  if (m_bufferSize < BlockSize)
+    m_buffer[m_bufferSize] = 128;
+  else
+    extra[0] = 128;
+
+  size_t i;
+  for (i = m_bufferSize + 1; i < BlockSize; i++)
+    m_buffer[i] = 0;
+  for (; i < paddedLength; i++)
+    extra[i - BlockSize] = 0;
+
+  // add message length in bits as 64 bit number
+  uint64_t msgBits = 8 * (m_numBytes + m_bufferSize);
+  // find right position
+  unsigned char* addLength;
+  if (paddedLength < BlockSize)
+    addLength = m_buffer + paddedLength;
+  else
+    addLength = extra + paddedLength - BlockSize;
+
+  // must be big endian
+  *addLength++ = (unsigned char)((msgBits >> 56) & 0xFF);
+  *addLength++ = (unsigned char)((msgBits >> 48) & 0xFF);
+  *addLength++ = (unsigned char)((msgBits >> 40) & 0xFF);
+  *addLength++ = (unsigned char)((msgBits >> 32) & 0xFF);
+  *addLength++ = (unsigned char)((msgBits >> 24) & 0xFF);
+  *addLength++ = (unsigned char)((msgBits >> 16) & 0xFF);
+  *addLength++ = (unsigned char)((msgBits >>  8) & 0xFF);
+  *addLength   = (unsigned char)( msgBits        & 0xFF);
+
+  // process blocks
+  processBlock(m_buffer);
+  // flowed over into a second block ?
+  if (paddedLength > BlockSize)
+    processBlock(extra);
+}
+
+
+/// return latest hash as 40 hex characters
+std::string SHA1::getHash()
+{
+  // compute hash (as raw bytes)
+  unsigned char rawHash[HashBytes];
+  getHash(rawHash);
+
+  // convert to hex string
+  std::string result;
+  result.reserve(2 * HashBytes);
+  for (int i = 0; i < HashBytes; i++)
+  {
+    static const char dec2hex[16+1] = "0123456789abcdef";
+    result += dec2hex[(rawHash[i] >> 4) & 15];
+    result += dec2hex[ rawHash[i]       & 15];
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+/// return latest hash as bytes
+void SHA1::getHash(unsigned char buffer[SHA1::HashBytes])
+{
+  // save old hash if buffer is partially filled
+  uint32_t oldHash[HashValues];
+  for (int i = 0; i < HashValues; i++)
+    oldHash[i] = m_hash[i];
+
+  // process remaining bytes
+  processBuffer();
+
+  unsigned char* current = buffer;
+  for (int i = 0; i < HashValues; i++)
+  {
+    *current++ = (m_hash[i] >> 24) & 0xFF;
+    *current++ = (m_hash[i] >> 16) & 0xFF;
+    *current++ = (m_hash[i] >>  8) & 0xFF;
+    *current++ =  m_hash[i]        & 0xFF;
+
+    // restore old hash
+    m_hash[i] = oldHash[i];
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// compute SHA1 of a memory block
+std::string SHA1::operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes)
+{
+  reset();
+  add(data, numBytes);
+  return getHash();
+}
+
+
+/// compute SHA1 of a string, excluding final zero
+std::string SHA1::operator()(const std::string& text)
+{
+  reset();
+  add(text.c_str(), text.size());
+  return getHash();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// sha1.h
+// Copyright (c) 2014,2015 Stephan Brumme. All rights reserved.
+// see http://create.stephan-brumme.com/disclaimer.html
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+//#include "hash.h"
+#include <string>
+
+// define fixed size integer types
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// Windows
+typedef unsigned __int8  uint8_t;
+typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+#else
+// GCC
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/// compute SHA1 hash
+/** Usage:
+    SHA1 sha1;
+    std::string myHash  = sha1("Hello World");     // std::string
+    std::string myHash2 = sha1("How are you", 11); // arbitrary data, 11 bytes
+
+    // or in a streaming fashion:
+
+    SHA1 sha1;
+    while (more data available)
+      sha1.add(pointer to fresh data, number of new bytes);
+    std::string myHash3 = sha1.getHash();
+  */
+class SHA1 //: public Hash
+{
+public:
+  /// split into 64 byte blocks (=> 512 bits), hash is 20 bytes long
+  enum { BlockSize = 512 / 8, HashBytes = 20 };
+
+  /// same as reset()
+  SHA1();
+
+  /// compute SHA1 of a memory block
+  std::string operator()(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+  /// compute SHA1 of a string, excluding final zero
+  std::string operator()(const std::string& text);
+
+  /// add arbitrary number of bytes
+  void add(const void* data, size_t numBytes);
+
+  /// return latest hash as 40 hex characters
+  std::string getHash();
+  /// return latest hash as bytes
+  void        getHash(unsigned char buffer[HashBytes]);
+
+  /// restart
+  void reset();
+
+private:
+  /// process 64 bytes
+  void processBlock(const void* data);
+  /// process everything left in the internal buffer
+  void processBuffer();
+
+  /// size of processed data in bytes
+  uint64_t m_numBytes;
+  /// valid bytes in m_buffer
+  size_t   m_bufferSize;
+  /// bytes not processed yet
+  uint8_t  m_buffer[BlockSize];
+
+  enum { HashValues = HashBytes / 4 };
+  /// hash, stored as integers
+  uint32_t m_hash[HashValues];
+};
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More